Chitosan What elements does chitosan contain?

Chitin (polyacetyl glucosamine).

Chitin removal of acetyl group is chitosan (polyglucosamine) chito-oligosaccharide is actually low molecular weight chitosan, generally six glucosamine units are called chito-oligohexanose, five glucosamine units are called chitopentanose, etc., eight glucosamine units are called chito-oligopentasaccharide, etc., because chito-oligosaccharide is very easy to tolerate water, so it is difficult to produce with traditional technology.

Chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides all contain (only) four elements: C, H, O, N, and if they contain other elements, they are all impurities!

The scientific name of chitin is [(1,4)-2-acetamino-2-deoxy--D-glucose], the molecular formula is (C8H13NO5)N, and the monomers are connected by (1 4) glycoside bonds, the molecular weight is generally about 106, and the theoretical nitrogen content. Its molecular structure is characterized by the fact that oxygen atoms attach the sugar rings of each carbon atom to the next sugar ring, and the side groups "hang" on these rings.

The chemical structure of chitin molecule is very similar to cellulose widely found in plants, except that if the hydroxyl group (OH) on the second carbon atom of the glucose molecule, a single molecule that makes up cellulose, is replaced by an acetamino group (NHCOCH3), then cellulose becomes chitin, and in this sense, chitin can be said to be animal fiber.

Chito-oligosaccharide is made of chitosan depolymerization, which is an upgraded product of chitin and chitosan products, and has incomparable advantages of chitosan. The advanced biological enzymatic hydrolysis method is used to prepare chito-oligosaccharide, which has the advantages of low molecular weight, good water solubility, large functional effect, easy absorption by the human body, and high biological activity.

At the same time, it has the characteristics of pure natural, no radiation, no pollution, no additives and so on.

1. Agricultural field.

Chito-oligosaccharide changes soil flora, promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms, chito-oligosaccharide can also induce plant disease resistance, produce immunity and killing effect on a variety of fungi, bacteria and viruses, and has a good control effect on wheat mosaic disease, cotton Verticillium wilt, rice blast, tomato late blight and other diseases, and can be developed as biological pesticides, growth regulators and fertilizers.

2. Daily chemical industry.

Chito-oligosaccharide has obvious moisturizing, activating body cells, preventing roughness and aging, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria on the surface, inhibiting bacteria and absorbing ultraviolet rays, etc., and can be applied in moisturizing, anti-wrinkle, sunscreen and other types of skin care products; Chito-oligosaccharide also has the ability to maintain the film-forming permeability of the hair surface, moist and easy to comb, and can be antistatic, dust-proof, anti-itching and anti-dandruff, which is used in hair care products.

3. Biological and veterinary drugs.

Use its antibacterial effect to prevent or ** animal diseases caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus, and Streptococcus mutans; The function of chito-oligosaccharide to promote wound healing can be used as an aid to animal trauma or fracture**; Because it has the effect of lowering blood lipids, it can also be used for pet obesity**; Due to the good complexing ability of carboxymethyl chito-oligosaccharides to iron ions, zinc ions and calcium ions, it is expected to make new natural iron supplements, zinc supplements and calcium supplements.

4. Feed additives.

Chito-oligosaccharide is non-toxic, non-pyrogenic, non-mutating, regulates the metabolic activities of microorganisms in the intestinal tract of animals, selectively activates and proliferates the growth of beneficial bacteria, reduces cholesterol and blood lipid content, improves immunity and lean meat rate, etc. Chito-oligosaccharide also has the function of hindering the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria, promoting protein synthesis and cell activation, thereby improving the performance of livestock and poultry.

5. Pharmaceutical field.

It plays an important role in the body's immune regulation, anti-tumor, hypolipidemic lowering, blood sugar regulation, improvement of liver, cardiopulmonary function and other physiological functions.

6. Food field.

Dairy: Acts as an activating factor for intestinal probiotics (e.g. Bifidobacteria) to enhance the absorption of calcium and minerals.

Condiments: As a natural preservative product to replace chemical preservatives such as sodium benzoate.

Beverages: used in functional beverages such as ****, detoxification and beauty, and immune regulation.

Fruits and vegetables: The film is coated for freshness, and the film layer has permeability, water resistance, and antibacterial and antiseptic effects.

Chitosan oligosaccharide is an oligosaccharide product refined by the degradation of chitosan through biotechnology, which is a small molecule oligosaccharide with an amino group degraded from chitosan in shrimp and crab shells, which is a sugar chain with a degree of polymerization of 2-20, which belongs to animal cellulose. Chito-oligosaccharide is an upgraded product of chitin and chitosan products, which has the advantages of low molecular weight, good water solubility, large functional effect, easy absorption by the human body, and high biological activity.

The main role of chito-oligosaccharides:

1. Adsorption:

There is a positive charge in the structural molecules of chito-oligosaccharide, and the positively charged cations can adsorb the substances in the charge, excrete oils, chloride ions, toxins and other substances from the body, and can also repair and protect blood lipids and blood pressure, and can also purify the internal environment.

2. Reduction effect:

It is free radicals that cause aging and many diseases, lipid peroxides produced by free radicals can damage biofilms, and it can damage cells. The positively charged free amino groups in the chito-oligosaccharide structure molecules are combined with free radicals to protect cells from damage.

3. Alkaline effect:

The positive charge of chito-oligosaccharide is alkaline, which can neutralize acidic substances, create a suitable cell living environment, and enhance human immunity.

4. Specific effects:

As an important part of human cells, chito-oligosaccharide has a repair effect on the defect of sugar chain, can restore damaged cells to normal function, and has good biocompatibility, without any toxicity, laying a foundation for immune regulation and body repair.

With the continuous development of glycobiology in recent years, chitin, chitosan and chito-oligosaccharide have been discovered one after another, so what is the relationship between the three?

Chitin: light beige to white appearance, insoluble in water, alkali, general acids and organic solvents, only soluble in some concentrated acids. Chitin is chemically treated to remove the acetyl group in it, and it becomes chitosan.

Chitosan: soluble in dilute acid, but chitin and chitosan are both macromolecules, with molecular weights ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions, and are insoluble in water. Chitosan is obtained by deacetylation, and then further degraded to become chito-oligosaccharide.

Chito-oligosaccharides: themselves are a mixture of disaccharides up to decasaccharides, each of which has its own functionality. Soluble directly in water, water solubility greater than 99.

To put it simply, chito-oligosaccharide is an oligosaccharide obtained by degrading chitosan, which is an upgraded product of chitin and chitosan products! Low molecular weight, good water solubility, large functional effect, and easier absorption.

It has been found that chito-oligosaccharide is the only positively charged basic polysaccharide in nature, which has the advantages of good water solubility, safety and non-toxicity, and easy absorption by the human body. Chito-oligosaccharide has good antibacterial and antioxidant properties; Chito-oligosaccharide has the effects of improving immunity, inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, promoting mineral absorption, proliferating some beneficial bacteria in the human body, and preventing three highs, and is a best-selling health functional food in Japan, the United States, South Korea and other countries; Chito-oligosaccharides, as oligosaccharides, can also be added to foods as a food ingredient to improve flavor, etc.

In recent years, it has been found in the study of Alzheimer's disease that chito-oligosaccharide has a certain effect on neuronal cells, reactive oxygen species, -secretase, copper ions, acetylcholinesterase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, renin physiological activity and cell signaling pathway, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, etc., which is of great significance to Alzheimer's disease.

Generally speaking, prebiotics are oligosaccharides, so chito-oligosaccharides can also be used as prebiotics in functional foods. Studies have shown that the total deacetylchito-oligosaccharide of DP2-8 has a promoting effect on the growth of double bacterium and lactic acid bacteria.

Several studies have shown that chito-oligosaccharide can inhibit tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and stimulating immune system activity in animal experiments, and it is recommended that chito-oligosaccharide be used in anti-tumor foods.

In animal experiments, researchers have found that chito-oligosaccharides of DP3-7 can increase calcium absorption and alleviate osteoporosis in mice, and chito-oligosaccharides have also been found to inhibit the formation of insoluble calcium salts in a neutral environment in vitro.

Chito-oligosaccharide can form a complex with fatty acids and triglycerides to eliminate and reduce the calories obtained by the human body from the body and achieve the purpose of achieving the highest quality, so chito-oligosaccharide can be used in functional drinks such as detoxification and beauty, immune regulation, etc.

Chito-oligosaccharide can stimulate the activity of mitochondria and reduce fatigue, which is expected to be used in anti-fatigue foods.

Scientists have evaluated the safety of chito-oligosaccharide functional foods and proved that chito-oligosaccharide functional foods are safe and non-toxic. In 2014, the Health and Family Planning Commission listed chitosan oligosaccharides as a new resource food. At present, the chito-oligosaccharide products listed in China include small-molecule chito-oligosaccharide peptides of Baiwei grass, Meiyoukang chito-oligosaccharide tablets, etc.