How to straighten out the history of the two river basins?

Hittite and Assyria were originally vague figures in a few lines of the Old Testament, but today, two hundred years later, they have transformed into two major military empires that are like thunder, and the completion of this magnificent turn is certainly not based on consistent historical records for 3,000 years, nor on a large number of unearthed metal ** and chariot wreckage. In fact, not a single chariot remains have been unearthed in Hittite and Assyria, and bronze and iron** are pitifully few. Although these two martial countries are scarce, the writing work is particularly good.

The history of the two empires was reconstructed in the nineteenth century thanks to a magical writing material, clay tablets. As many as 30,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated from Hatusha, the site of the capital of the Hittites. Even more impressive, in the valley of the two rivers where Assyria is located, hundreds of thousands of cuneiform tablets have been excavated, including Babylon, covering a period from the third millennium B.C. to the post-B.C. period, and as many as 500,000 clay tablets are still waiting to be excavated.

The contents of these clay tablets range from sacrificial prayers, royal edicts, systematic legal codes, civil contracts, commodity transaction records, and personal complaints. The clay tablet book was also the vehicle for mankind's first full-length fantasy epic "Gilgamesh", and it is said that someone has recently found a short story from ancient times** on the clay tablet. What's even more amazing is that the clay tablet books are not only huge in number and rich in content, but also can be deciphered by modern and modern Western historians, leaving no dead ends.

There were many peoples who established civilization in the valley of the two rivers, in chronological order: Sumerians, Akkadians, ancient Babylonians, Assyrians, Hittites, Cassites, Neo-Babylonians, Persians, Macedonians-Greeks, etc

c. 8000 B.C. Human settlement appeared in the valley of the two rivers, and early animal husbandry appeared.

c. 4000 B.C. 2000 B.C. During the reign of the Sumerians, cities appeared and civilizations emerged (marked by the creation of cities and writing). During this period, around 3300 BC, cuneiform writing appeared, and the Sumerians entered the Bronze Age PS: The ancient Sumerians date back to 6000 BC PS2:

Around 2900 BC, the Sumerian city-states (Hellenistic civilization) entered the era of princely warfare PS3: The Akkadians entered the valley of the two rivers around 2500 BC and later unified the Sumerian region, and the culture was basically completely inherited....In the later period of the Akkadian Kingdom, the centralization tended to collapse and was wiped out by the Kuti until Uruk's Utuhegar defeated and expelled the Kuti and restored Sumerian rule, and then the Third Kingdom of your was established (** centralized, different from the original Sumerian city-state) and destroyed by the Amorites (ancient Babylonians). After the fall of the Third Dynasty of your, there was no Sumerian regime in history.

It is worth mentioning that although only part of the Code of Urnham has survived, it is still the earliest legal code of mankind, predating the Code of Hammurabi. In addition to the Codex, the Sumerians also had an important invention, the wheel, which the Sumerians began using around 3200 BC.

c. 24th century B.C. 18th century B.C. During the early kingdom of Assyria, the city of Assyria was the Assyrian people, a mixed ethnic group of Akkadian and Hurits.

Here you may see a little confused, the map is always unrecognizable, I just said directly, The two river basins are customarily divided into two parts, north and south, roughly centered on present-day Baghdad, the north is called Assyria, the city of Assyria is the center, and the south is called Babylonia, which is named after the city of Babylon. Babylonia is bounded by Nipur and is divided into two parts, Sumerian in the south and Akkadian in the north.

The earliest civilization in the valley of the two rivers was the Sumerian civilization. Around 4,000 BC, the Sumerians settled in the Mesopotamian plain, and the Sumerians completed the development and development of the impact basin of the lower Euphrates and Tigris rivers, making it a rich agricultural area. It took a lot of manpower and material resources to manage the river and reclaim the farmland, and the Sumerians settled and gathered along the river, forming a large number of Sumerian communities.

As civilization developed, class divisions began to emerge, and the concept of the state came into being, and around 3000BC, the scattered Sumerian community gradually developed into a city-state. At this time, the Sumerian city-states were independent of each other and did not form a unified empire, and the main Sumerian city-states included Uma, Uruk, Lagash, Kish, your, Nippur, Elidu, etc., and the city-states soon entered the stage of attacking each other for hegemony, and frequent wars weakened the power of the Sumerians. There are two times that are relatively close to unifying the Sumerian city-states, one is during the reign of King Anatum of Lagash (the First Dynasty of Lagash, as distinguished from the later Second Dynasty of Lagash), when Lagash succeeded in achieving Sumerian supremacy and continued to consolidate under the rule of Anatum's descendants; The second is the reign of the Ummah king Lugar Zajisi, who first took control of Uruk, and then took advantage of the reforms launched by the king of Lagash Urukagina to challenge the authority of the sacrifices, which plunged Lagash into civil strife, successfully conquered the former overlord Lagash, and further controlled most of the Sumerian city-states in Mesopotamia, and even expanded beyond the two river valleys.

However, the good times were short-lived, and Lugar Zaghisi's empire was soon replaced by the kingdom of Akkadian (c. 2334 BC – c. 2154 BC). <>

The basin of the two rivers is the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.

The Euphrates and Tigris rivers are located in the southwestern region of Asia and were called "Mesopotamia" by the ancient Greeks. It gave birth to the earliest civilization in Western Asia, the Civilization of the Two Rivers, which was the earliest civilization on the earth, mainly composed of Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Arad Akkadian civilizations.

The civilization of the Two Rivers Valley has a long history, inhabited as early as the middle of the third millennium B.C., and created writing and circumferential divisions. The center of this civilization is located in the area of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, so the economy, culture, and medicine of Baghdad are much more developed than other regions.

Representative of the civilization of the two rivers

The cuneiform script invented by the Sumerians around 3200 BC, the school of scribes in Nipur around 2100 BC, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the literary work of the Sumerians and Babylonians three or four thousand years ago, the library of Ashurbanipal with 10,000 clay tablets more than 2,600 years ago, and the Code of Hammurabi with a preface and afterword and 282 articles. Gear difference.

The Leaky Circle of the Assyrian King's Palace, which weighs more than 30 tons and is guarded by winged beasts, the algebraic calculations of the ancient Babylonians on trigonometry, the accurate solar and lunar eclipses of the Babylonians in 747 BC, the new Babylonian city decorated with glazed bricks, and the legendary Tower of Babel and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are all representatives of the civilization of the Two Rivers.

The basin of the two rivers refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.

Mesopotamia, bounded by the Zagros Mountains in the east, the Syrian desert in the west, the Persian Gulf in the south, and the mountains in the north, and the swampy delta of the two rivers in the south, through the steppes and plains, to the south. In a narrow sense, it refers only to the area between two rivers.

Mesopotamia was an arid region inhabited by many ethnic groups in ancient times, but the land downstream was fertile, so an irrigation network was developed very early, forming an agricultural society centered on many cities. Assyria to the north and Babylonia to the south. Mesopotamian civilization is one of the oldest cultural cradles of mankind, and irrigated agriculture is the main foundation of its cultural development.

In 4000 B.C., there was already a relatively developed civilization of chaos, such as Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria and other civilizations. It was then ruled by the Persian, Macedonian, Roman and Ottoman empires. After the First World War, the main part of it became independent Iraq.

Two River Basin Diet

Between 4,000 and 6,000 years ago, the Sumerians made and consumed bread in large quantities, and archaeologists have found a large number of brick stoves and multi-eye cooking stoves from 1800 years ago in your. The Sumerians ground barley into flour, fermented it, added sweeteners such as honey and date juice, and baked it to make the first bread.

6,000 years ago, the Sumerians were already proficient in winemaking, and according to the cuneiform script of the time, they used the double fermentation method to make barley, wheat and rye into a drink. About 40 percent of the agricultural harvest is made into beer, which is consumed by the Sumerians.

The ancient Mesopotamian people mainly ate sheep, supplemented by cattle, horses, camels, donkeys and mules, and the most common vegetables were onions, lentils, broad beans, peas, usually in soup, cucumbers, various cucurbitaceae vegetables, cabbage, lettuce, etc.

The seasoning is mainly salt and mustard, and other auxiliary seasonings include cinnamon, star anise, coriander, marjoram, tulip powder, ginger, garlic, sweet rosin, thyme, fennel, dry tea, etc.

The valley of the two rivers, the Euphrates and Tigris, also known as Mesopotamia, means in Greek"The Land Between the Rivers"。The Euphrates, known as the Great Euphrates in Arabic, is the largest and longest river in Western Asia with a length of 2,700 kilometers and a basin area of 444,000 square kilometers.

The Euphrates River originates in the Turkish highlands, and in central Turkey, several tributaries join to form the upper Euphrates region. In southeastern Turkey, the Habur River joins and becomes the most important tributary of the Euphrates.

The development of civilization in the two river basins.

The valley of the two rivers was the region with the earliest cultural development in the world, invented the first script for the world, cuneiform, built the world's first city, compiled the first law, invented the first potter's wheel for making pottery, formulated the first seven-day cycle, and was the first to elaborate the myth of the creation of the world and the Great Flood. So far, a large number of ancient written materials (clay tablets) have been left for the world.

Historians refer to the Sumerian civilization from 4000 BC to 3000 BC as the "early high civilization", and the cultures of this period include the Uruk culture and the Jemdet Nesr culture, on the one hand, the Sumerian city-states of this period already existed, and the Sumerian script also existed, but the history of this period is still very unclear, and the reasons may be multifaceted.

For example, archaeological discoveries are insufficient, or when civilization was just beginning, there was no systematic historical record itself. The cuneiform documents of this period that have been discovered are mainly economic or administrative documents, and it is not yet possible to outline the complete history of the time.

The earliest Sumerian period consisted of several independent city-states, which were divided by canals and boundary stones. The center of each city-state is the temple of the city's patron deity or goddess of protection. Each city-state was ruled by a priest or king who presided over the religious ceremonies of the city.

Recently, I read "The Early Civilization of the Two River Valleys" in the "General History of the World" and felt a little bit about it. If there is any deficiency, please ask the history teacher, the geography teacher and the sensible expert to correct it by name.

The civilization of the two river basins, also known as the Mesopotamian civilization and the Sumerian civilization, refers to the civilization developed in the fertile crescent between the two river basins (the Mesopotamian plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers), which is the earliest civilization in West Asia and the birthplace of the world's earliest civilization with research. The center of this civilization was probably around what is now Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. (This location is an important point of knowledge, and it is also the source of my feelings.)

The two river basins contributed the first script to the world, cuneiform; The first city was built; The first type of law was prepared; The first seven-day cycle was formulated; There are also clay block printing; There is also the legendary Hanging Garden. Anyone who has studied education knows that the world's first school was also born in Sumer.

The Lianghe River Basin is the most brilliant star in the history of the development of world civilization, and it is more than 2,000 years more advanced than Chinese civilization. No matter how glorious it is, what are the two rivers like today? (We mainly look at Baghdad in Iran.) ）

After more than 7,000 years of baptism, the culture of the two river basins has ceased to exist and has not been continued. The monuments of ancient Babylon have long been destroyed by the Iraq War, and the disappearance of the monuments of world civilization is a loss of the world's culture. Because culture never belongs to a certain country, it belongs to the people of the world.

Ancient Egypt, ancient India, ancient Babylon, and China. Of these four ancient civilizations, only China still exists. It's a pride and a miracle that has touched so far.

I think people and the culture of the Central Plains played an important role. Man is a living person, and culture is a culture that can assimilate everything. I believe that China will get better and better!

Summary. Hello <>

The two river basins refer to the Euphrates and Tigris river basins, located in western Asia. This region is the birthplace of one of the oldest civilizations in the world, including Sumerian, Babylonian, and many other ancient civilizations.

What are the two rivers in the valley of the two rivers?

Hello <>

The two river basins refer to the Euphrates and Tigris river basins, which are located in western Asia. The region is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, including Sumerian, Babylonian and many others.

The Euphrates and Tigris are two important rivers that originate in the Turkish Plateau and flow through the countries of Iraq and Iraq before emptiring into the Arabian Sea in the Persian Gulf. The climate of the two river basins is arid and water resources are very scarce, so human beings have developed irrigated agriculture here and created many important technological and cultural achievements.