What are the virtual words and real words in classical Chinese?

1. Classical Chinese words:

Love. 1) Nouns. Grace. (The Ancient Legacy is also "Left Biography.")

2) Verbs. Love, love. (The love of parents for their children is far-reaching.) "Touching the Dragon and Saying Empress Dowager Zhao".

2. Classical Chinese words:

Quiet. 1) Adjectives. Comfortable and comfortable. (A gentleman has no food to eat, and no place to live.) The Analects of Confucius).

2) Verbs. Health. Food and clothing are safe, and if you dare to specialize, you will divide people. "Cao Di's Polemics".

3. Classical Chinese words:

Fold. 1) Verbs. Double. Although the reward is multiplied, the punishment is not free from chaos. ("Five Worms.")

2) Measure words. Today, I am ten times the land, please be wider than you. ("Tang Ju Lives Up to His Mission.")

4. Fictional words in classical Chinese:

Whereas. 1) Conjunctions. Concatenate words, phrases, and clauses to represent multiple relationships. The crab is six kneeling and two chels, and there is no one to rely on in the cave of the non-snake eel ("Persuasion").

2) Pronouns. The second person, generally used as a definite sentence, is translated as:"Yours", occasionally as the subject, translated as:"You"。Such as: And Weng Changquan, move me to Beijing, then you will serve your mother day and night. ("Remembering the Affair of Wang Zhongsu Gongao".)

5. Fictional words in classical Chinese:

What. 1) Interrogative pronouns. As a predicate alone, ask the reason, and there are often mood particles after it"Ahh""Also"。Such as: Who? The prestige of the great country is also cultivated. ("The Biography of Lian Po Lin Xiangru".)

Ancient virtual words are words that have no practical meaning in Chinese, and some of them are equivalent to modern virtual words. Imaginary words cannot be formed into sentences independently, and can only be used with real words to complete the grammatical structure.

Virtual words have a helping effect on real words, and this kind of words include six categories: preposition, connection, help, sigh, subordination, and elephant sound. The role of imaginary words in couplets is not trivial, and some couplets are only because of the difference between a fictitious word. Clever use of virtual words can add color to the couplet.

Classical Chinese is an ancient Chinese written language composed of texts, "May Fourth Movement."

Formerly Han nationality.

Languages spoken. It mainly includes the pre-Qin period.

The spoken language is the basis of the written language.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the objects used to record writing had not yet been invented, and bamboo slips, silk and other materials were used to record writing. With the changes of history and the evolution of spoken language, the difference between classical Chinese and spoken language has gradually expanded, and "classical Chinese" has become the exclusive use of readers.

Real wordsThe difference between the word and the virtual word is as follows:

Actual words have real meaning and can act as sentence components on their own.

I can ask questions individually. Imaginary words have no real meaning, cannot be used as sentence components, and cannot be questioned on their own. A few adverbs such as "no", "maybe", "no", etc., can be questioned separately and can only be combined with real words to form sentences and express grammatical relationships.

Real words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numbers.

There are six categories of quantifiers and pronouns. In classical Chinese, there are a large number of real words, and mastering a large number of real words is the key to improving the ability to read classical Chinese. When learning real words in classical Chinese, we should pay attention to three main features in grammar; The first is the polysemy of the word, the second is the ancient and modern changes in the meaning of the word, and the third is the utilization of the part of speech.

Hypothetical words include prepositions, conjunctions, and particle words.

Wait. Imaginary words have no real meaning, cannot be used as sentence components, and cannot be questioned on their own. (A few adverbs such as "no", "maybe", "no", etc., can be questioned separately), and can only be combined with real words to form sentences and express various grammatical relationships.

There are five types of virtual words: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, and interjections.

Literal words. Although it only accounts for a small part of the whole literary language, its grammatical role is very large. Many sentence patterns in classical Chinese are marked by imaginary words, such as judgment sentences.

.He who. also", passive sentence.

of" for. Place. and other imaginary words.

It is used frequently in classical Chinese, and its interpretation is quite flexible. The main commonly used virtual words are: zhi, it, in, to, and, then, is, if, and, who, for, yet, is, this, si, other, he, an, who, hu, hu, although, although, yet, then, also, yi, ya, yan, ear, etc.

Real wordsIt is a kind of Chinese word class, in which words contain actual meanings, and real words can be used aloneSentence components, i.e., words that have lexical and grammatical meanings. Hypothetical words generally refer to words that do not have a complete meaning, but have grammatical meaning or function.

Since the fictitious words in the literary language are evolved from real words, most of the imaginary words have the meaning of real words, and the so-called "imaginary words are not false". The most obvious difference between literary and modern Chinese virtual words is modal words.

In classical Chinese, "矣, 哉, hu, also, evil" is used, and in modern Chinese, "?", "?", "ah, ah", etc., none of them are the same.

Ancient understanding of imaginary words:

Liu Qi of the Qing Dynasty. In the preface of "Helping Characters to Distinguish", it is said that "the way to construct a text is to only have two ends of real words and imaginary words, real words have their body bones, and virtual words have their temperament." Gavin used his endorsement to take Xiao Shenli, and when he resisted the fall, Xuan Yu was different, and he was sentenced to Yan Yue" also said, "A word is missing, and a sentence is ruined."

If one sentence is wrong, the whole article will be infarcted".

It can be seen that the ancients did not stop at the "help" of "helping" in their understanding of imaginary characters, that is, imaginary characters did not just help the expression of real words, but became an important rhetorical device for articles to express the author's thoughts and even reflect the author's literary style.

Finish. (Note that the auxiliary word and the imaginary word here are the same concept, but they are different from today's imaginary words, for example: adverbs and pronouns are actually real words, and the ancients classified them as imaginary words.) ）

Fake words: 1It belongs to the composition to remember it (through "will", entrustment, entrustment) 2Hundreds of wastes are xing (through "club", all, all).

The word has multiple meanings:1After: belong to the composition to remember.

Because: don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself.

2.Look: Give the view of the Baling victory.

Scenery: This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

3.1. The meaning of the number "1" is: a vast expanse.

Quan: The long smoke is gone.

4.Open and sunny: not open for months.

Open: Open the door of my East Pavilion.

Opening, setting: side opening window.

5.Then then: then when and joy.

That is: this is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

Just: The height of the temple is worried about the people.

6.Extreme: The extreme and the sad.

End: What a pleasure to have.

7.Or sometimes: and maybe the smoke is gone.

Perhaps, maybe: or a different of the two.

8.For behavior, activity: or a combination of the two.

Do, for: the whole stone to the bottom.

9.Empty Sky: Turbidity waves empty.

Dissipation: Long smoke is gone.

10.Tong smooth: political communication and people.

Access: North to Wu Gorge.

11.and harmony: political communication and harmony.

Warmth: To the spring and the brightness.

12.Extreme: Antarctic Xiaoxiang.

Very: Extremely sad and sad.

Parts of Speech: 1100 (waste) Gu Xing (verb as noun, abandoned career) 2

First) the worries of the world (noun as an adverbial, in ......Before) 3(Later) the joy of the world (noun as an adverbial, in ......After that) 4Teng Zijing (谪) Shoubaling County (verb as adjective, degraded) 5

Worry (slander) fear (noun as a verb, others say bad things) 6Ketang (virtuous) today's poems are endowed on it (adjectives are nouns, virtuous people) 7And or long smoke one (empty) (adjective as verb, dissipate) 8

north) through Wuxia, (south) extreme Xiaoxiang (noun used as an adverbial, to the north; to the south) 9or different (for) (verb is used as a noun, here refers to mental activity) ancient and modern different meanings: micro ancient meaning:

No. Example sentence: Weisi people.

Jinyi: small.

Meteorology Guyi: Sight. Example sentence: The weather is myriad.

Present meaning: the state and phenomenon of the atmosphere.

Yue Guyi: And, to. Example sentence: The more next year.

Imayi: Cross over.

Ancient meaning: scale. Example sentence: increase its old system.

Jinyi: system.

Bei Gu Yi: complete, exhaustive. Example sentence: The description of the predecessors is prepared.

Imayoshi: Preparation.

Jing Guyi: Daylight. Example sentences: To Ruochun and Jingming.

Jinyi: scenery.

Taste Guyi: Once. Example sentence: Give a taste of the heart of the ancient benevolence.

Imayi: Tasting.