The growth environment, cycle, main production area, nutritional value of cabbage.

Cabbage, also known as Shao cabbage, bulb cabbage and yellow bud white, belongs to the cruciferous family.

The growth and development process of Chinese cabbage is divided into two stages: vegetative growth and reproductive growth. The vegetative growth stage can be further divided into the following periods:

1. Germination period: from seed germination to unearthing, and the true leaf is revealed. It takes about 3-5 days under suitable temperature and soil moisture conditions.

2 Seedling stage: from the true leaf to 5 8 leaves, forming the first leaf ring. The early maturing variety occurs 5 leaves at the seedling stage, which takes about 12 to 15 days. Late-maturing varieties occur at the seedling stage with 8 leaves, which takes about 17-18 days.

3 Rosette stage: After the end of the seedling stage, two more leaf rings occur to form a rosette. The young leaves that occur in the center of the plant begin to close, which is characteristic of the end of the rosette stage. During this period, about 20 to 21 days have passed for early varieties and 27 to 28 days for late varieties.

4 Bulb stage: from the beginning of the heart lobe to the formation of the lobe ball. It takes about 25 to 30 days for early-maturing varieties and about 50 days for late-maturing varieties.

5 Dormancy: The leaf bulbs are forced to go dormant due to the colder climate. There is no dormant period in warmer winters such as Guangdong.

After vernalization at low temperature, Chinese cabbage can enter the reproductive growth stage under long sunshine conditions, and its process can be divided into three stages: moss extraction stage, flowering stage and pod setting stage. The transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth of Chinese cabbage generally requires 2-10 degrees Celsius and 10-30 days of low-temperature vernalization conditions, and the requirements for late-maturing varieties are stricter than those of early-maturing varieties. In some areas of Guangdong, due to the warm winter, the low-temperature vernalization conditions of Chinese cabbage cannot be met, and late-maturing Chinese cabbage often cannot be mossed to bloom and harvest seeds.

Chinese cabbage likes mild and cold climatic conditions, and the growth temperature is in the range of 10-22 degrees Celsius, and the growth is poor when it is higher than 25 degrees Celsius, and it cannot adapt when it is higher than 30 degrees Celsius. It grows slowly below 10 degrees Celsius, stagnates growth below 5 degrees Celsius, and can tolerate light frost and not severe frost. The growth period of Chinese cabbage requires sufficient light conditions to facilitate photosynthesis, accumulate more substances, and promote ball formation.

Because Chinese cabbage has a large number of leaves and a large leaf area, and the leaf cuticle is very thin, and the amount of water transpiration is very large, sufficient water should be ensured during the growth period**. The seedling stage requires less water, but the root system is underdeveloped and the water absorption capacity is weak, so it is advisable to keep the soil moist. The leaf area of the rosette stage expanded rapidly, and the water demand increased greatly, so the water should be replenished in time.

The balling stage is the period when the water demand is the largest, and it is necessary to ensure that the soil has sufficient water, but the water should be controlled in the later stage of balling to facilitate the storage of leaf balls. Chinese cabbage is a product of vegetative organs, with a large yield per unit area and high requirements for soil nutrients. The absorption of nutrients is mainly nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, and the nitrogen is required more in the early stage and the potassium is required after balling.

For every 1000 kg of Chinese cabbage produced, it is necessary to absorb about 2 kg of pure nitrogen, kg of pure phosphorus and 2 kg of pure potassium. From seedling stage to rosette stage, it accounts for about 10-20% of the total fertilizer uptake, and about 80-90% of the total fertilizer uptake at the bulking stage

Cabbage is native to the Mediterranean coast and China.

Chinese cabbage. The south of the Yangtze River is the main production area, and the planting area accounts for 40%-60% of the sown area of autumn, winter and spring vegetables. After the 70s of the 20th century, the cultivation area in northern China also expanded rapidly, and it was widely cultivated in various places.

Its cultivation area and consumption rank first among all kinds of vegetables in China.

Optimal growing temperature for cabbage:

1. Growth temperature.

Cabbage is suitable for growing in a cold environment, different growth stages of cabbage have different temperature requirements, the best temperature when the seed germinates is about 23 degrees, and the best temperature of the cabbage rosette stage is 17 degrees to 22 degrees, when breeding cabbage, if the ambient temperature is not suitable, it will lead to slow growth of the plant.

2. Sufficient moisture.

Cabbage needs sufficient water in the growth process, when breeding cabbage, it needs to be watered every other week to provide the water needed for the growth of the plant, and the soil needs to be loosened in time after watering to ensure that the soil is loose and breathable, and during the rainy season, the water in the soil should be discharged for the cabbage to avoid its decay.

3. Scientific fertilization.

Breeding cabbage, need to grow 3-4 true leaves when the plant, for a top dressing, you can use nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, so that the growth rate of cabbage accelerated, and during the vigorous growth of cabbage, you need to apply organic fertilizer every half a month after decay, so that the quality of the plant is improved.

4. Maintenance method.

Cabbage is suitable for growing in neutral or weakly acidic sandy soil, when cultivating cabbage, it can not be planted in alkaline soil, so as not to grow poorly, and in the growth stage of cabbage, it needs to be exposed to all-weather natural light, so that the plant can carry out full photosynthesis.

(1) Temperature. Chinese cabbage is a semi-hardy vegetable that prefers a cool climate. Chinese cabbage has different temperature requirements at different growing periods.

The suitable temperature for seed germination is 20 25 . At the optimum temperature and keeping the soil moist, the seedlings will emerge after 3 days of sowing. If the temperature is too high and the climate is arid, it will cause virus disease at the seedling stage.

The suitable temperature for the rosette stage of Chinese cabbage is 17 22. If the temperature is too high, it is easy to cause the leaves to grow and be prone to diseases; If the temperature is too low, it will cause slow growth, which will delay the balling time. The crusting period of Chinese cabbage requires mild, cool climatic conditions, with an average suitable temperature of 12 18 and 10 20 to grow well.

In the suitable temperature range, the climate is characterized by sufficient sunshine and strong photosynthesis during the day, which is conducive to the production of nutrients. The night is cold and cool, and the temperature difference between day and night is large, which is conducive to the storage and accumulation of nutrients.

2) Lighting. In the vegetative growth stage, bok choy needs plenty of sunlight. Chinese cabbage needs plenty of water during the growing season**.

It takes 20 30 tons of water to water Chinese cabbage once per mu, and from sowing to harvesting, it is generally necessary to water 12 to 15 times. Only if the Chinese cabbage has enough water, photosynthesis can proceed smoothly.

The plots where Chinese cabbage is cultivated should have good irrigation conditions and drainage systems, which can not only ensure the water demand of Chinese cabbage in a timely and sufficient manner, but also quickly drain the excessive water in the field after rain.

3) Moisture. Chinese cabbage has different water requirements at different growing periods. The water requirement at the seedling stage is not large, but when the soil is less than 10% water content, germination and emergence will be affected; The air permeability of excessively wet soil is relatively poor, and it is not conducive to seed germination and seedling emergence.

The water demand of the rosette stage is relatively large, and the seedling stage and the rosette stage should pay attention to timely cultivation after watering, so that the topsoil in the field is kept loose and dry, and the underlying soil should maintain a good water-holding state.

Generally, a soil moisture content of 17% to 19% at a depth of 20 cm is more appropriate. The balling period is the period when the water demand is the highest, and the soil moisture content should not be less than 20% at a depth of 20 cm to keep the ground moist.

4) Soil. Chinese cabbage is suitable for growing on sandy loam, loam or clay loam soils with deep soil layer, good water retention and drainage, fertile and soft soil, and high organic matter content. The soil pH is good to be neutral or weakly acidic, and the soil with too much alkalinity is not suitable for the growth of Chinese cabbage.

1 Sowing at the right time How to master the appropriate time for sowing spring storage in Dabailai in Beijing, scientific and technological workers and experienced farmers have done a lot of research work over the years. And a more unanimous opinion was reached. Due to the large planting area and long growth period of late-maturing cellar vegetables, a certain suitable temperature is required for each vegetative growth period, and the accumulated temperature required for the appropriate period must be met.

Therefore, the sowing period must be mastered. Sowing too early, although it can meet the needs of accumulated temperature. However, the seedling stage is often at a high temperature of 25, and the seedling growth is weak and prone to disease.

At the same time, it is the rainy season, the young roots are easy to be washed and exposed by rain, and the stems and roots are easy to break, which is not conducive to the main growth of Chinese cabbage, and early sowing is easy to premature aging, and it is not resistant to storage. Sowing too late, although the disease is mild, but can not meet the number of days of the growth period, the accumulated temperature is not enough, will cause the core to be unreal, reduce the yield and quality. Therefore, it is the key to obtain a bumper harvest by selecting suitable sowing to meet the needs of environmental conditions at various stages of Chinese cabbage to the greatest extent.

In the 50s, it was generally believed that the first three and the last three of the Beginning of the Autumn Festival were suitable for sowing and sowing; Due to the severity of the disease, in the 60s, it was changed to the first three and last five of the beginning of autumn; In the 70s, it was changed to the first three and the last one; After 1979, it was changed to August 3 to 7, and the latest is not the beginning of the autumn festival. According to many years of scientific experiments and practical experience in production, the appropriate sowing period should be based on natural climatic conditions. The difference of varieties and whether it is stored and the cultivation conditions are used to determine the suitable sowing date.

According to the current climatic conditions, the suitable sowing date is around August 6, but due to the large sowing area, it is impossible to finish sowing in one or two days, and the suitable date can generally be set as August 4 to 8.

2 Sowing methods are divided into two types: direct seeding and seedling raising.

1) Live broadcast Gaolong live broadcast is the main cultivation method in Beijing. A Chinese cabbage ridge seeder is used, which is towed by a tractor. Four rows can be sown at a time, and the ridge formation, pre-sowing suppression, ditching, sowing, soil covering and post-sowing suppression process can be completed at the same time, and the sowing is uniform, the depth is consistent, and the seedlings are neat.

There are two kinds of manual sowing commonly used for strip sowing or broken strip sowing, and the strip sowing method is to draw a furrow in the center of the back of the prepared ridge, which is about 1 5 cm deep; Manually twist the seeds along the ditch, then cover the soil and suppress, and the seed amount per mu is 150 200 grams; The broken strip sowing method is to first pull a seal on the ridge with a rope for the predetermined plant spacing, draw a short strip ditch according to the print, and sprinkle more than ten seeds for each short strip ditch, this sowing method is more fine, and the amount of seeds can also be reduced by half, and the plant spacing is also relatively uniform.

2) Seedling seedling furrow should be selected in the geothermal high, fertile, well-drained plot, the method of furrow has been described before, and will not be repeated. Flat furrow sowing generally adopts the sowing method, with four teeth densely draw some shallow furrows, the seeds are evenly sprinkled in the furrow, 50 grams of seeds can be sown 30 seedlings, enough for one acre of land planting. After sowing, sweep the furrow with a broom and cover the soil, and then step on it again to suppress.

The sowing period can be increased by 2 to 3 days compared with high ridge seeding.

Chinese cabbage is a green leafy cruciferous crop, which is relatively simple to cultivate, and can be sown all year round in most parts of the country. Generally, about 500 grams of seeds are needed per mu, fertilization before sowing, land preparation to do furrowing, and the furrow surface is flat, and it is best to spray the furrow surface before sowing, and then sow the seeds. In summer, it is necessary to cover the shade net and uncover it in time after the seedlings emerge.

Maintain the humidity of the field at about 60 percent, and harvest about 20 days in summer after sowing, about 35 days in spring and autumn, and about 50 days in winter. Pay attention to prevent jumping nails, ape leaf muscles can be turned to distinguish snow glass grinding insects, cabbage insects

The appropriate planting of spring Chinese cabbage can effectively adjust the off-season in early summer and increase the variety of flowers in the market, which is of great significance to the anniversary of vegetables. However, the length of spring time is not the same, often the climate change is larger, it is difficult to be accurate, the period that is really suitable for the growth of Chinese cabbage is shorter, and the temperature change in spring is from low to high, which meets the needs of Chinese cabbage reproductive growth, but is not suitable for the needs of vegetative growth, so if the cultivation and planting of spring Chinese cabbage is not handled properly, it will often bring a series of difficulties and problems.

Summer Chinese cabbage, also known as early-maturing Chinese cabbage, has strong heat tolerance and short growth period, and only takes about 55 to 60 days from sowing to core harvesting. It is sown from mid to late July to August, and can be harvested from early September to mid-October. Because the growth period of summer Chinese cabbage is in the hot and dry season, it is necessary to water more and control various pests and diseases.

The insect pests are more serious to aphids, jumping capes, moths, and insects. The disease is the most harmful to soft rot, if not harvested in time, stop watering 5 to 7 days before harvesting, and wrap the core.

Eighty or ninety percent can be harvested and marketed, otherwise it will aggravate the harm of soft rot.

Autumn Chinese cabbage is sown late according to the growth and development law of Chinese cabbage and the requirements of environmental conditions, and is generally sown after the beginning of autumn, so as to avoid the high temperature period in late summer and early autumn, and the growth cycle is longer. The seedling stage is generally from the beginning of autumn to before the white dew, the core stage is from the autumn equinox to the beginning of winter, the rosette stage is from the white dew to the autumn equinox, and the core stage is from the autumn equinox to the beginning of winter. Generally, at the beginning of l1, that is, before the beginning of winter, when the minimum temperature drops to about zero degrees, cut vegetables in time, and when there is no serious frost climate, you can take measures to promote the heart of the vegetables, and appropriately postpone the date of cutting vegetables.

Although it can be grown at different times, Chinese cabbage also has a suitable growth cycle. Generally speaking, the planting period: the average monthly temperature suitable for planting is 15-18, the highest is 21-24, and the lowest is 7.

Germination period: generally in 20 25 germination fast and robust, 26 30 rapid germination but thin seedlings, higher than 30 poor growth. Seedling stage:

The suitable temperature is 22 25 and can also be adapted to 26 30. Rosette stage: the average temperature of 17 22 is the most suitable, too tall leaves are long, too low to grow slowly.

Bulging period: The optimum temperature is 12 22. Wrapping period:

Below -3, it is susceptible to frost damage. Storage: The temperature is 0 2, the relative humidity is 85% 90%, the temperature drops below -2, and the cabbage is frozen.