What is the mass limit of stars collapsing into white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes

Neutron stars, white dwarfs, and black holes are all products of the decay of stars, and they are all compact objects.

White dwarf: A star will become a white dwarf if its mass is less than the mass of the Sun after its nuclear energy is exhausted.

Neutron star: After a star runs out of nuclear energy, it becomes a neutron star if its mass is between the mass of the Sun.

Black hole: After the star is exhausted in nuclear energy, if the mass exceeds 2 solar masses, the equilibrium state no longer exists, the star will shrink indefinitely, the radius of the star will become smaller and smaller, the density will become larger and larger, and finally reach the critical point, at this time, its gravitational pull is so large that all nucleons, including photons, can not escape, just like a pitch-black bottomless pit, so it is called a "black hole".

Black hole: When the radius r of a collapsed star shrinks to r 2gm (c c) (the denominator is c squared). Here m is the mass of the star, c is the speed of light, and g is the gravitational constant.

According to this formula, if the sun is compressed into a black hole, the radius is only about 3 kilometers; If the Earth were compressed into a black hole, the radius would be only centimeters. The mass of matter per cubic centimeter is as high as more than 20 trillion tons.

Neutron stars have a density of about 100 million tons per cubic centimeter.

White dwarfs have a density of about 4 tons per cubic centimeter.

There is no way to verify, and no one has really explored it.

In general, a star with less than 8 to 10 solar masses may eventually lose some or most of its mass and become a white dwarf.

Stars with more than 8 to 10 solar masses will eventually become neutron stars or black holes due to the gravitational collapse of their cores.

But because in the process of evolution, the star will eject a part of the matter, which will have an impact on the final outcome, so we can only say that the collapsed core mass is a multiple-to-times of the sun, and eventually becomes a neutron star.

Stars with collapsed cores that are more than Sun times the mass eventually become black holes.

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White dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes are all end products of stellar evolution, and it is difficult for them to form new stars on their own. This is because:1

White dwarfs are extremely dense, but their masses are too small to meet the conditions for nuclear fusion. White dwarfs are stellar corpses dominated by electronic gases, nuclear fusion has stopped, and the internal pressure comes from the repulsion of electronic gases. This makes it difficult to accumulate enough hydrogen gas for nuclear fusion to form new stars.

2.Neutron stars have densities up to the nucleus density level and are made up of neutrons. This deprives it of the hydrogen and electrons necessary for star formation.

Neutron stars are unable to fuse with hydrogen, making it even more difficult to accretion enough gas to meet the conditions for new star formation. Neutron stars are the end of stellar evolution, and they no longer have the conditions and ability <>to form new stars

Can <> white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes form new stars?

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White dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes are all end products of the evolution of pure stars, and it is difficult for them to form new stars on their own. This is because:1

White dwarfs are extremely dense, but their masses are too small to meet the conditions for nuclear fusion. White dwarfs are stellar corpses dominated by electronic gases, nuclear fusion has stopped, and the internal pressure comes from the repulsion of electronic gases. This makes it difficult to accumulate enough hydrogen gas for nuclear fusion to form new stars.

2.Neutron stars have densities up to the nucleus density level and are made up of neutrons. This deprives it of the hydrogen and electrons necessary for star formation.

Neutron stars are unable to fuse with hydrogen, making it even more difficult to accretion enough gas to meet the conditions for new star formation. Neutron stars are the end of stellar evolution, and they no longer have the conditions and ability <>to form new stars

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<>3.The ultra-high density of a black hole makes it a balance in space"Black holes", no longer emits any electromagnetic radiation or matter. The material contained inside a black hole is locked by its strong gravitational field, preventing it from forming stars on the surface of the black hole or accreting it outside the black hole.

This deprives black holes of the necessary conditions and mechanisms for the formation of new stars. However, it is still possible for white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes to induce new star formation during the merger:1

The merger of binary white dwarfs can bury acres to form IA supernovae, release large amounts of hydrogen, and may induce the formation of new stars. 2.Neutron star conjunctions can be made to form a transient at the point of conjunction"Supernova", which produces supernovae** and blows away a large amount of gas, which may also induce nearby hydrogen to form new stars <>

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3.When a black hole merges into other stars or galaxies, it can disturb the surrounding gas through the gravitational attraction of the strong obscuration bend, and under certain conditions, it will touch the situation and cause the gas to collapse, inducing the formation of new stars. Therefore, although it is difficult for white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes to directly form new stars on their own, it is still possible to indirectly induce the collapse of surrounding gas and promote the formation of new stars under specific merger processes or gravitational disturbances.

This also shows that the mechanism of star formation in the universe is intricate, and it is worth further <>studying it