How to view the controversy between materialism and idealism

I think it's a bit like the famous "wave-particle binomial" controversy.

The vast majority of people have the same existence of material in the world, and the vast majority of people cannot deny that there is consciousness in the world. It's obviously two sides of the paper, inseparable from each other, I really don't understand why "only", isn't this the tip of the horns?

The so-called "materialism" is to emphasize that matter produces consciousness, but the subject of "materialism" is human consciousness (as far as the current level of scientific understanding is concerned, we believe that a solid brick cannot be materialistic), and it seems that there is no 100 objectivity to use consciousness to carry out the great work of "materialism".

Then the so-called "idealism" also has the same problem, no matter how profound the understanding of "idealism" is, it must be expressed with the help of matter. Thinking polluted by "matter" is doomed to lose absolute freedom, bound to the material world by spoken words.

In fact, this question is not the ultimate question of philosophy, and when it comes to who produces whom, it inevitably involves the question of time. If the scale of the world is large enough, I believe to be able to see that time is not linear, far from ......

Since this is your exam question, you need to understand one thing: the purpose of the exam is to get points, not to do philosophical **.

If you are a college student, you can consider referring to the above statement, if you are a middle school student, it is recommended to answer the questions according to the instructions in the book, and do not exceed the outline.

1 Materialism and idealism are the two basic schools of thought in the history of philosophy.

2. The basic viewpoint of materialism: matter is the origin of the world, there is matter first and then there is matter, and matter determines consciousness. The basic point of view of idealism:

Consciousness is the origin of the world, and it is not matter that determines consciousness, but consciousness that determines matter. These two points are one aspect of the fundamental question of philosophy, the question of the primacy of matter and consciousness.

There must be an official version of the answer to the exam questions that can be produced, so let's go and say.

My view is that two philosophical schools are arguing, but their arguments will never be fruitful, because neither of them can effectively prove that they are right or that the other is wrong......Or that they themselves don't want to completely defeat each other in their hearts, so that they can continue to debate forever, otherwise how boring it would be without an opponent!

All things and phenomena in the world are extremely numerous and innumerable, and they all belong to the two categories of phenomena of matter and consciousness. Then there is the question of which matter and consciousness are primordial, that is, what is primary. Those who believe that matter is primordial and primary, and that consciousness is secondary, belong to materialism, and vice versa, it is idealism.

The existence and controversy of the two major schools of materialism (materialism) and idealism (idealism) is not accidental, but has its deep social historical, class, and epistemic roots. After mankind entered the class society, the separation of physical labor and mental labor provided the possibility for the emergence of a theoretical form of philosophy, and the formation and existence of the system of class exploitation, which had developed somewhat but was very underdeveloped at that time, also provided social conditions for the differentiation of materialism and idealism. On the one hand, in the process of material production, people struggle with nature, and only by first acknowledging the objective existence of external nature can production be carried out, and this understanding has been refined and theorized by philosophers and becomes materialist philosophy; On the other hand, due to the low productivity and the embryonic stage of science at that time, people were still far from being able to solve the mysteries of the surrounding nature, and scholars engaged in intellectual work often detached themselves from production practice and one-sidedly emphasized and exaggerated the role of the spirit, which constituted the socio-historical roots of the emergence of idealistic philosophy.

In class society, materialist philosophy is always associated with revolutionary and progressive classes or groups that are on the rise in history, because their interests coincide with the direction of historical progress to varying degrees, and they dare to face reality and reveal the truth of the facts. On the other hand, idealistic philosophy is often associated with historically declining and reactionary classes or groups, and because their interests are contrary to the trend of historical development, in order to maintain or restore their reactionary rule and to justify their existence, they are bound to exaggerate the role of spirit, cover up the truth of facts, and pin their hopes on some kind of fantastical spiritual force. Idealism is not only a reflection of the limitations of people's understanding, but also, to a large extent, is to adapt to the needs of the exploiting class or group to deceive the people and comfort themselves.

In addition, the emergence of materialism and idealism has deep epistemological roots. On the whole, the materialist view is correct and the idealist view is wrong. However, both the objective world and human understanding are inherently full of complex contradictions.

Everything that cannot be proved is uncertain, and since it is uncertain, what theory can we talk about?

The difference between idealism and materialism is mainly reflected in:

1) Material and spiritual who is the first nature. Materialism believes that matter is the ontology and spirit is the attribute; Idealism holds that spirit is the ontology and matter is the attribute.

2) Presence and consciousness. Materialism holds that existence comes first, and consciousness is derived; Idealism holds that consciousness comes first and matter is derived.

3) Metaphysics and dialectics. The first to criticize metaphysics more thoroughly was the moderate skeptic Hume, followed by Kant's complete chopping off of metaphysics and theology, and then Hegel's revival of metaphysics, but using dialectics to point out that metaphysics is naïve. In our textbooks, metaphysics specifically refers to isolation, stillness, etc., so it is one-sided; Dialectics specifically refers to distinction and connection, movement and stillness, etc., and the Hu reform is considered comprehensive by the textbook.

Materialism: The belief that the world is the only materiality, that is to say, everything in the world is made of matter, and matter is the true primary. Human consciousness is based on the material world, is a reaction to the material world, is subordinate to the position, and is secondary.

Moreover, we should look at the world from a dialectical point of view, including some things in the world, and look at the world and everything from a comprehensive, objective, connected, scientific, and contradictory viewpoint. This is the dialectical materialist and epistemological viewpoint of Marxist philosophy.

Idealism should say that "Theory of Ideas" is more accurately translated than "Idealism". Nowadays, the academic circles call Plato's "eidos" (forms) of the above figures "rational theory" to distinguish the ideas of the theory of ideas; Plato's rational type is not empirical (a priori), so "rational type" is a more appropriate translation.

Philosophy can be divided into two major schools, idealism is one of the two basic schools of philosophy, it is a theoretical system that is opposed to materialism. Idealism is a philosophical school that advocates that ideas are the first nature of the world and matter is the second nature of the world, that is, matter depends on consciousness for its existence, and matter is the product of consciousness.

Materialism. Contrary to idealism, everything in the world exists relatively, not absolutely.

It is also complementary and interconnected. It is interdependent and mutually restrictive and balanced.

Philosophy is the study that makes people simple and happy, no matter ancient or modern, Chinese and foreign philosophical theories, in fact, it is very simple and complex, very ordinary and very noble, because philosophy comes from life, and philosophy that is divorced from reality is false and empty. The key is whether he knows his eyes and annotates his mind.

But to refine from life, to have an epiphany, to reflect, to transcend.

Although the word philosophy originated in the West, Chinese philosophy began in the West for thousands of years, but it is not called philosophy, but thought. For example, Confucianism, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith.

The grievances of Buddhism are fate, there is no dispute with the world, and the four major are empty. Taoist.

The Chinese have not played well, and the West has used it perfectly in its governing philosophy.

Everything in the world is a degree in its particular temporal environment. If the prerequisites of the time environment change. The nature of things changes accordingly.

Change is eternal. Eternity is change. Nothing is immutable.

Everything is a process, and a thing is a form. The process of things determines the form of things, and the form of things also depends on the process of things. Like chickens and eggs, there is no absolute order, only relative order.

The preconditions are gradually changed, and the level of the composition of the nature of things is gradually changed. Things cannot be distinguished from good and evil by a single material spirit. It is necessary to look at the two-sided and hierarchical nature of the whole thing in two parts. Relevance.

Any single material or spiritual is one-sided. Or material first, spiritual second.

Or the spirit is the first nature, and the material is the second nature, both are one-sided, narrow-minded, and negative.

Like, there is no wrong and no right, and there is no hate.

Ugliness can bring out beauty, and goodness will become good.

Therefore, we should look at the two-sided, hierarchical, and related nature of the whole thing dialectically and dynamically.

Mutual restraint is born, and things must be opposed.

The ability to self-judge, regulate, and bear things from the cognition of subjective things to the essence of objective things, so as to self-judge, regulate, and bear things, is called psychological quality.

Contradiction is the unity of opposites.

Materialism and idealism, from the perspective of world view, the viewpoint is diametrically opposed. In line with contradictory views.

The mutual controversy and struggle between materialism and idealism has promoted the progress of philosophy. Therefore, it can be regarded as consistent.

Contradiction. Idealism: All the existence of the universe is realized by the mind, and there is no real existence outside the mind. That is to say, the mind is the essence of all things, the only truth.

Materialism: All the existence and changes of the universe are determined by external objective laws, and between consciousness and matter, matter determines consciousness, that is, matter is the essence of all things, and it is the only truth.

Contradiction. Materialism and idealism are contradictory, and they have very different answers to the first level of the fundamental question of philosophy, that is, the question of what is the origin of the world. In fact, it can be understood as a contradiction. The two developed each other in the struggle.

These are two extreme views, which can be explained as follows: only consciousness and only matter. The further explanation is:

I can do whatever I want, if I don't exist, the world doesn't exist, and I can't violate the objective law, I don't exist, the world still exists. This is an epistemological problem, two opposite understandings, that is, contradictory, idealism is impossible, the problem cannot be solved, materialism can solve the problem. What is the evidence?

It is a clear example that after you die, the world continues to change, and you are an insignificant being.

Not contradictory. The two are diametrically opposed.

Materialism insists on the primacy of matter, and consciousness depends on matter for its existence, while idealism insists on the primacy of consciousness, and matter is the product of consciousness. There can only be one of the two correct.

If you insist on both, according to the textbook, you fall into dualism. Dualism actually insists that consciousness exists independently of matter, and in the final analysis, it is still idealistic.

Idealism and materialism are relative, idealism takes consciousness and spirit as the standard, while materialism takes matter as the first nature!

Idealism: There are mainly subjective idealism and objective idealism.

Subjective idealism: The subjective spirit of man (man's purpose, will, spirit, etc.) as the only reality.

Objective idealism: the objective spirit (God, Absolute Spirit, etc.) as the master and origin of the world.

Materialism mainly includes: ancient naïve materialism, modern metaphysical materialism, dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

Ancient naïve materialism: the belief that the world is material, essentially denying that the world was created by God.

Modern metaphysical materialism: the belief that atoms are the origin of the world, and that the properties of atoms are also the properties of all matter.

Dialectical materialism and historical materialism: correctly reveal the basic laws of the material world and reflect the objective requirements of the development of social history.

Conflicting, of course.

Materialism is the school that advocates that matter determines consciousness, and idealism is the school that advocates that consciousness determines matter.

Engels has already pointed out that "matter and consciousness who decides whom?" It is a fundamental question of philosophy, and in fact it is also a basic question that the person who studies is facing. That is, whether to start from the thinking and thinking results in one's own head, or from the whole of things that actually exist.

There are four basic questions of this: materialistic, purely idealistic, dualistic (matter determines consciousness, and consciousness determines matter) and one is that "no one can decide whom".

These four are mutually exclusive, one of them is true, and the other three are neither. In fact, in addition to the materialistic ones, the three will eventually fall into idealism, and thus the other three will all fall into the philosophical school of idealism. In this way, materialism and idealism are opposites and conflicts.

There is no possibility of reconciling the opposition and conflict between the two.