During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the agricultural production structure and rural labor force in J

Material 2: (Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions) After all, land resources are limited, and there is no room for development except for enclosing lakes to create fields, barrage land, or using coastal mudflats. Flooding for land can quickly lead to floods and droughts, and the costs are too high for smallholder economies to afford.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the country had a population of about 70 million, and by the end of the Ming Dynasty, it exceeded 200 million, and the Mongolians, Jurchens and other ethnic groups outside the country also needed some food, so such a large demand could not be met by a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. ......Obviously, in such a situation of large numbers and few places, relying solely on food production can no longer fully meet the needs of local human resources, and it is even difficult to feed the growing population. Therefore, while continuing to cultivate intensively and not wasting an inch of land, a large number of laborers gradually turned to the production of cotton, mulberry and other cash crops and to engage in handicrafts, commerce and other service industries.

This transformation is not only a great progress in Jiangnan's economic development, but also a wise choice for Jiangnan people under the pressure of survival. —From East China News, 2004

2) According to material 2, how did the agricultural production structure and rural labor force change and transfer in Jiangsu and Zhejiang during the Ming and Qing dynasties? (4 points) and analyze the main reasons. (6 points).

Answer: 2) Changes in the structure of agricultural production: gradually shifting from the production of grain to the production of cotton, mulberry and other cash crops.

Labour transfer: a shift from agricultural production to handicrafts, commerce and other services. (4 points) Reason:

The development of cotton and silk handicraft industry and the development of commodity economy have promoted the popularization and planting of cotton and mulberry; Land resources are limited, but the population has increased greatly (or the number of people is large and the land is small) (for example, the abolition of the poll tax has relaxed the personal control of the feudal state over the peasants, etc., points are also given) (6 points).

1. Capitalism sprouts and wage labor appears.

to the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty.

China's ecological agriculture has developed to Jiaxing and Huzhou in Zhejiang, forming a "grain-livestock-mulberry-silkworm-fishing" management mode.

According to the "Book of Supplemental Agriculture".

It is recorded that its measures are to raise crops and store them in the future, and to promote agriculture with livestock; Silkworms are raised with mulberry, fish are raised with silkworm arrows, and mulberry is fattened with fish manure. As a result, the agricultural production in the Jiahu area has obtained gratifying results in the soil and fertile fields, and the grain is abundant and mulberry. According to records, its grain output has reached the level of two stones of rice and one stone of wheat per mu in normal years, and three stones of rice and one stone of wheat in good years, creating a new record of large-scale and high-yield agricultural production in China.

1.Agriculture: Land management through tenancy.

The population increased, the per capita amount of land decreased, land annexation was fierce, and landlords held large amounts of land.2Handicraft industry: the form of handicraft operation in the workshop.

The social economy is prosperous, the commodity economy is developing, and the production has a certain scale and meticulous division of labor, and has a high technical level.

What is the form of rental operation in the smallholder economy?