On the question of the change of red blood cells in different concentrations of saline

Suppose the concentration of sodium chloride in red blood cells is 1%. Comparatively, the concentration of 2% sodium chloride solution is higher than that in red blood cells, and in order to balance the concentration difference, red blood cells will exude water molecules, causing them to shrink. The concentration of sodium chloride solution is lower than that in red blood cells, as mentioned above, water molecules will infiltrate into red blood cells, resulting in excessive tension and rupture of red blood cell walls, red blood cells are also called red blood cells, often abbreviated as RBC in English in routine laboratory tests, is the largest number of blood cells in the blood, and is also the most important medium for vertebrate animals to transport oxygen through blood, and also has immune function.

Mammalian mature red blood cells are nucleated, which means they have lost their DNA. Red blood cells also do not have mitochondria, they release energy by breaking down glucose. Oxygen is transported, and a portion of carbon dioxide is transported.

Carbon dioxide is dark purple when transporting and bright red when transporting oxygen.

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. After the aging of red blood cells, it is easy to cause blood vessel blockage, so they will automatically return to the deep bone marrow, and white blood cells are responsible for destruction; Or when it passes through the liver, it is broken down into bile by macrophages. Hemoglobin is more readily compatible with carbon monoxide, and once it is bound to carbon monoxide, hemoglobin is not easily separated.

Carbon monoxide poisoning can occur when the level of carbon monoxide in the air is high and lasts for a long time.

When the number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin decrease to a certain level, it is called anemia. Destruction of large numbers of red blood cells can cause hemolytic jaundice.

The NaCl solution is an isotonic solution in the traditional sense, which means that the cells do not break in it. 2% is obviously hypertonic, hypotonic. One of the characteristics of the cell membrane is that it is semi-permeable (allowing water to pass through, but ions cannot pass through), and the liquid on both sides of the cell membrane is not isotonic, and the water always moves from hypotonic to hypertonic.

So in hypertonic fluids, water goes from inside the cell to outside the cell, and in hypotonic fluids, it goes from outside the cell to inside the cell.

1c2b

3a (Sodium chloride in the cell fluid concentration of animal cells.

of isotonic fluid) normal saline, red blood cells maintain normal morphology.

Wrinkling, loss of red blood cells.

Swell to rupture, the cells absorb water.

Red. The second asked.

1) Live cell membranes.

Is it possible to control the entry and exit of substances?

2) Yes. 3) 100 (boiling water can denature proteins on the cell membrane, losing selective permeability) 4) the same (controlling for irrelevant variables.

5) Reddening (pigment macromolecules coming out) do not change color.

6) The cell membrane of living cells has the effect of controlling the entry and exit of substances.

I think there's a key point you don't understand, which is that it's water and not sodium chloride that seeps into the cells.

Water. of the solution.

In layman's terms: there are two solutions, one thin and one thick, put them together, and the water in the dilute solution will flow to the thick solution, so that the concentration of the two tends to be the same.

It should be noted that in a normal body, cells are in an isotonic state, that is, the osmotic pressure inside and outside the cell is equal, that is, when the concentration of extracellular fluid is changed, it will have an effect on the cell. When the concentration of extracellular fluid is high, water flows from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell, and when the concentration of extracellular fluid is low, water flows from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell, and the cell swells and ruptures.

I don't know if I've made it clear, I hope it helps!

The principle of cell water absorption is: cells can both lose water and absorb water, which mainly depends on the concentration of the aqueous solution around the cell and the size of the cell concentration When the concentration of the surrounding aqueous solution is greater than the concentration of the cell fluid, the cell loses water, and when the cell loses water, the cell membrane and the cell wall are separated When the concentration of the cell fluid is greater than the concentration of the aqueous solution around the cell, the cell absorbs water The salt concentration of the plasma in the normal living environment of red blood cells is that if the concentration of the surrounding salt is greater than the concentration of the plasma in the living environment of red blood cells, the red blood cells will lose water and shrink, Thus losing the ability to transport oxygen Indicates that inorganic salts play an important role in maintaining the shape and function of cells In summary, options b, c, and d are wrong, and only option A is correct

Therefore, a

The osmotic pressure of human erythrocytes is comparable to that of salt water at X concentration, and the water absorption and water loss of cells are in dynamic equilibrium;

The rupture of water absorption of red blood cells immersed in Y concentration saline indicates that the concentration of Y solution is lower than that of X solution.

The red blood cells of Wu Xian immersed in the salt cavity of Z concentration retake water lost water and contracted, indicating that the concentration of solution Z was higher than that of solution X.

Then the concentration of these three kinds of salt water is z x y

Principles of blood grouping.

Saline agglutination is commonly used to detect the presence of blood group antigens on red blood cells and the presence of blood group antibodies in serum, and the blood group is determined based on the presence of antigen antibodies. The conventional methods are: Forward Training:

Standard serum with known antibodies is used to check for unknown antigens on red blood cells. Reverse stereotyping: Serum is checked for unknown antibodies with standard red blood cells of known blood type.

The result was determined that all red blood cells with agglutination were positive, and those in a scattered free state were negative. The principles of ABO blood group typing are shown in Table 1-5-2.

2.Identification Methods.

1) Normal saline agglutination method: slide method: simple operation, suitable for a large number of specimens examination, but the reaction time is long; Patients with low serum antibody titers are less likely to cause red blood cell agglutination and are therefore not suitable for reverse stereotyping.

Test tube method: because centrifugation can accelerate the agglutination reaction, the reaction time is short, and with the help of centrifugal force, red blood cells can be closely contacted, promote agglutination, and are suitable for emergency examination.

The antigenicity of red blood cell subtypes is weak, such as low serum titer of anti-A and anti-B standards, which can easily lead to missed detection or misdetermination. Such errors can be avoided with the addition of type O (anti-A, B) serum and reverse stereotyping.

The results of glass plate agglutination showed that the red blood cells were uniformly distributed, without agglutinating particles, and the red blood cells were dispersed under the microscope. Criteria for judging the strength of agglutination under low magnification:

It is one or several clots, and only a few single free red blood cells are (++ are several large granular clots, and a few single free red blood cells are (++ several small agglutinated particles and a part of fine agglutinated particles, and free red blood cells account for about 1 2 (++

Numerous small agglutinated particles of fine sand are visible to the naked eye. Under the microscope, there are 5 or 8 more red blood cells agglutinated in each coagulation group (+), and several red blood cells can be seen agglutinating together, and there are many free red blood cells ( ) around it

Very few red blood cells are found to agglutinate, while most red blood cells are still scattered in the appearance of mixed agglutination. No cell agglutination was observed under the microscope, and the red blood cells were evenly distributed as (-).

2) Gel microcolumn method: It is an immunological method in which red blood cell antigens and corresponding antibodies react in the gel microcolumn medium. Blood group antibodies are monoclonal antibodies, which can be directly observed with the naked eye or analyzed by blood grouping instruments after adding reagents and specimens, and centrifuged with a special centrifuge.

The operation of this method is standardized, and the quantitative sampling is quantitatively added to ensure the accuracy of the results.

3.Anti-A, anti-B, and anti-AB standard serum standards.

Quasi-serum is collected from healthy individuals and should meet the following conditions: Specificity: can only agglutinate with the corresponding red blood cell antigens, and there is no non-specific agglutination.

Titer: The serum titers of standard anti-A and anti-B in China are above 1:128.

Affinity: Chinese standards require that the reaction of anti-A to A1, A2 and A2B and the time for agglutination to begin is 15s, 30s and 45s, respectively; The time for anti-B to B red blood cells to begin to agglutinate is 15 seconds. When the agglutination strength is 3min, the clot is not less than 1mm2.

Cold agglutinin titer: below 1:4.

Asepsis. Inactivates complements.

Please elaborate on the specific situation.

a. Human red blood cells placed in distilled water will absorb water because the concentration of the fine cell is less than the concentration of the external solution, which will eventually lead to cell swelling, A is wrong;

B. Human red blood cells are placed in normal saline, because the concentration of cell fluid is equivalent to the concentration of normal saline, and the water enters and exits the cells before renting, so there is no obvious change in red blood cells, B is correct;

c. Human red blood cells placed in concentrated salt water will lose water because the concentration of cell fluid is greater than the concentration of external solution, which will eventually lead to cell shrinkage, C is wrong;

d. Animal cells will not be separated from the plasma wall, d is wrong

Therefore, b

Answer C test question analysis: The red blood cells in the human body live in the plasma, and the inorganic salt concentration of the plasma is, and the red blood cells can maintain the balance of osmotic pressure when they live in this environment, and the cells maintain a balanced state of water absorption and water loss. The concentration of sodium chloride solution is the same as the concentration of inorganic salts in the plasma, so the morphology and function of the red blood cells do not change when they are placed in this environment.

If red blood cells are placed in concentrated saline, they lose water and shrink, thus losing their ability to transport oxygen. If placed in clean water, red blood cells will absorb water and burst, causing hemolysis and loss of cell function. These facts illustrate that inorganic salts play an important role in maintaining the morphology and function of cells.

Test Center: This question examines the function of inorganic salts.

Comments: This question belongs to the syllabus comprehension level and is of medium difficulty. Students need to judge the function of inorganic salts based on the information.

Answer B Blood can be divided into plasma and blood cells, red blood cells live in plasma, the concentration of inorganic salts in plasma is, red blood cells must live in such an environment to maintain osmotic balance, at this time red blood cells absorb water and lose water balance. The concentration of NACI solution is the same as the concentration of inorganic salts in the plasma, so the osmotic pressure of the red blood cells in this environment is balanced. If red blood cells are placed in concentrated saline, they can shrink due to water loss.

If placed in clean water, red blood cells will burst due to water absorption, causing hemolysis. This fact illustrates that inorganic salts play an important role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of cells.

1) Normal saline.

2) Normal saline The red blood cells in the blood do not change.

3) Water oozing out from red blood cells in red red.

4) Fragmented oral epithelial cells.