What is the difference between a material category and a substance? What is the material category?

The material category is the concept of matter, something spiritual, belonging to consciousness.

The category of matter is a class of submaterial forms (such as practices) that encompass matter and are closely related to matter, that is, the concept of matter in a broad sense.

Category of matter"It is the generalization and summary of matter, a philosophical concept, which belongs not only to the category of consciousness, but also to the concrete manifestation of matter. It is the objective reality of matter.

Reflection. Matter is an objective reality that does not depend on human consciousness and can be reflected by human consciousness. Dialectical materialism.

The concept of matter summarizes the common essence of all objectively existing things and phenomena in the universe, rather than referring to a specific form of matter, that is, matter is an objective reality that is not transferred by human will, and consciousness depends on matter for its existence.

Matter, form of matter, and category of matter Simply speaking"substance"It is the narrow concept of matter, which can be understood in this way: abstract objective reality can also be used, and the atomic composition of the image can also be used. Matter is something that exists objectively.

The material category is a product of human consciousness. So they are the first and the secondary.

relationship! For materialism, the first is matter, and the second is consciousness or spirit. The material form is related to ideology.

Related definitions, i.e., the systematization and theorization of material existence, such as time, space, motion, etc., are systematized and theorized by philosophy. The Relationship between the Material Category of Philosophy and the Material Concept of Natural Science The material category of philosophy is an abstraction of the sum of various concrete forms of matter. The categories of matter in natural science, such as atoms and protons, are only one level of a specific form of matter or human cognition.

To put it simply, matter in philosophy refers to objective reality; Matter in natural science refers to the specific form of matter. The relationship between materialism and the material category does not depend on human consciousness, but is reflected by all objective realities reflected by consciousness. There are infinitely rich and varied objects, objects, systems and their properties and relations in the world, and matter is their sum or concept.

Humanity has a long history of understanding the material category. Ancient naïve materialism.

Matter is considered to be concrete objects, as in ancient Greece.

of philosophers believe that matter is water, fire, or air, among others. Chinese philosophers believed that matter was the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth. There were some philosophers in ancient times, such as Democritus in ancient Greece.

and so on also put forward the conjecture of the atom, which is the smallest unit of matter.

It's atoms. Modern mechanical materialism.

According to the knowledge of the natural science tradition of matter at that time, matter was understood as an atom as a physical particle, and it was believed that it had the characteristics of invariant mass and indivisible. These viewpoints understand the concept of matter in terms of the specific form and structure of matter, and fail to grasp the essential properties common to all physical objects, which are not scientific concepts of matter, and cannot explain the unity of the infinitely diverse and varied material world. With the development of science, the old view of matter is becoming more and more porous.

The material category is man's objective induction of matter, and matter is an objective reality, independent of man's subjective and objective summary and induction.

The concept of matter is an objective reality that exists independently of people's consciousness and can be reflected by people's consciousness. Lenin noted

Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality, which is perceived by man through his senses, which exists independently of our senses, and is reproduced, photographed, and reflected by our senses. ”

Everything in the world has infinitely diverse forms, infinite changes and developments, but in the final analysis, they are the external manifestations of objective reality and the external manifestations of matter. Consciousness is only an outward appearance of highly developed matter.

In the philosophical circles' efforts to transform Marxist philosophy, there is a popular viewpoint, that is, to make an internal distinction between the material concept of Marxism, which is shown to be the "opposite" between Marx's material concept and the views of Engels and Lenin, and only the material concept of Western Marxism can truly inherit and develop Marx's "theory of practical and historical mediation".

Philosophical Implications:

Motion and change are the fundamental properties of matter, motion produces time, change produces space, and the universe is created from matter. Everything in nature and society is a variety of manifestations of matter in motion.

Matter is in motion, is interconnected, interacting, matter has the property of maintaining the original equilibrium state (i.e., inertia), the interaction between moving matter and always destroys the balance, inertia to maintain balance and change caused by action has become the contradiction of the most basic properties of matter.

It is this contradiction that promotes the transformation of matter from inorganic matter to organic matter to multimolecular system, the evolution of matter from polymolecular system to primitive life, and the evolution of matter from primitive life to animals and plants to human beings.

All things are like this because of what they are. "The contradiction between inertia maintaining balance and action causing change is the condition for the existence of all other meaningful things, and it is the ** of all meanings, and human activities are related to it and produce value.

Existence can be divided into tangible existence and intangible existence. Existence that can be described by mass, volume, shape is called tangible existence, such as: celestial bodies, animals, mechanical devices, molecules, hardware, etc.

Existence that cannot be described by mass, volume, and shape is called intangible existence, such as: logic, consciousness, morality, software, etc. Tangible existence is the vehicle of intangible existence.

The natural tangible existence is from simple to complex, and the natural invisible existence is also from simple to complex, and the two complement each other and develop simultaneously.

Matter refers to tangible existence. The form of existence of matter is cyclical and evolves. We call a substance larger than a molecule a macroscopic substance, and a substance equal to or smaller than a molecule a microscopic substance. Macroscopic matter is made up of microscopic matter.

Matter is a top-level abstraction with no concrete point. Air is matter, stone is matter, molecule is matter, atom is matter, particle is matter, car is matter, man is matter, and man is a higher substance.

Matter is infinitely divisible, but mass cannot be zero, and zero mass means non-existence.

Mass refers to the amount of matter contained in an object of a certain volume. The standard unit of measurement of mass is the kilogram, and the French Academy of Sciences stipulated in 1791 that at the standard atmospheric pressure, 4 degrees Celsius, the mass of 1 liter (1 cubic decimeter) of pure water is 1 kilogram, and the original instrument made of platinum-iridium alloy is preserved in Paris, and is later called the "international kilogram prototype".

Everything is in motion. Therefore, any matter has energy, and matter of the same mass can carry different amounts of energy.

The material world is the sum total of all matter, and the material world includes the natural world and human society.

From the perspective of the evolution of the material world, the natural world existed before human beings, and is the premise and foundation for the emergence and development of human society. Human society is a special part of the whole natural world that emerged with the emergence of human beings. Human society is the highest form of material existence, and it is an organic system of various relationships formed by people's interaction and common activities on the basis of specific material material production.

Because the earth has unique natural conditions, it has created a unique world. The earth naturally formed organic molecules - cells - humans - human societies. Because the earth has sufficient conditions for the survival of living things, in this natural condition and environment, atoms begin biochemical reactions, and the atoms are spontaneously arranged according to their own nature, and finally produce the first molecules that can replicate themselves, and human beings are the creatures of the evolution of these molecules.

The emergence of human beings is an accidental event that occurs throughout the evolution of living organisms (accident refers to the occurrence of not necessarily happening), and if it is a necessary event (necessarily refers to the inevitability and certainty under certain conditions), it will be repeated. For example, dinosaurs first appeared in the Triassic period 230 million years ago and died out in the late Cretaceous period about 65 million years ago. Therefore, the evolution of living things is inevitable, and the result of evolution is accidental.

It is impossible for there to be an object in the universe that is exactly like the Earth, but there are certainly a wide range of objects that are similar to the Earth. Humans do not necessarily exist outside of Earth, but there is certainly a wide range of living things.

The material category of Marxism is a universal philosophical category abstracted from all kinds of concrete things. Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality, an abstract tribute to the common essence of all things that can be perceived by feeling. Therefore, it includes both all natural things that can be perceived from the senses, as well as the perceptual activities of people, i.e., practical activities, that can be perceived from the senses.

It adheres to the principle of objective reality of matter, adheres to materialist monism, and draws a clear line with idealistic monism and dualism. Lenin made the most essential regulation of matter, pointing out the independence and root nature of matter on consciousness, and the dependence and derivation of consciousness on matter.

Question 1: From a philosophical point of view, what things do not belong to the category of matter, why time, vacuum. Shade.

Passage of the Language. things in the spiritual category, and so on. Because the usual substance refers to a physical object and its constituent parts.

Matter in a generalized sense contains fluctuating energy, all energy subtons, whatever is total or what is. Time and vacuum are not matter. Vacuum, obviously nothing, Zheng Fan is of course not material, time is a tandem index of space, so it is not material.

Question 2: From a philosophical point of view, what things do not belong to the category of matter, why B Test point analysis: ACD reflects the material and objective laws respectively, both belong to the category of dialectical materialism, B emphasizes movement, and belongs to the category of dialectics. The answer to this question is B.

Question 3: It is the sun, moon, stars, and horses that point out that the things listed in the following options do not belong to the material category. b Analysis of test questions:

Matter is an objective reality that does not depend on human consciousness and can be reflected by human consciousness, and the only characteristic of matter is objective reality. Whereas, consciousness is the reflection of objective existence by the human brain. It can be seen that the five items belong to material phenomena, which do not fit the topic and cannot be selected; Four items belong to the phenomenon of consciousness, which is in line with the theme and can be selected.

Therefore, the answer is item b.

Question 4: Does the system belong to the material category The system belongs to the management category, which is to use the law to reflect the compliance of the system, and to use the management effect to reflect the rationality of the system.