Why is the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period called the era of a hundred school

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the most brilliant periods in the history of Chinese culture and thought. During this period, Laozi, Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Mozi, Yang Zhu, Han Feizi and other thinkers who have influenced Chinese culture for thousands of years were born. They are like the stars in the sky, and the only people who can compare with them are the sages and sages of ancient Greece.

After King Ping of Zhou moved eastward, the Western Zhou Dynasty declined and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty opened. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into two eras, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The authority of the Zhou royal family declined, and the princes and kings arose, so there were the famous Spring and Autumn Five Hegemons and the Warring States Seven Heroes.

Without a strong **** control, the competition among the vassal states is fierce, and the talents are rising rapidly, and the phenomenon of big ideas is inevitable.

When we read history books, we feel that the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a romantic and brilliant era. In fact, in daily life, it is a turbulent and precarious time. The fierce competition between the vassal states put forward a problem of the times for Lao Tzu, Confucius, and Han Feizi, how to face the troubled times and how to reorganize the order?

Lao Tzu is "indisputable", Confucius is to restore "Zhou Li", Mozi is "non-meritorious" and "love", and the fortune represented by Han Feizi respects and respects "law" and "potential". Lao Tzu is passive, passively avoiding the world, away from strife.

Confucius wanted to restore the status of the Zhou royal family and discipline the princes of the world with "rites", Mozi was full of idealism, and Han Feizi provided the most direct and effective way, which was to strengthen the centralization of power. During the Warring States period, Legalism was most admired for its ability to give vassal states an advantage in the face of brutal competition. The Qin Dynasty's final unification of China began with the Shang Dynasty's reform.

There are hundreds of schools of thought, the stars are brilliant, no one is orthodox, no one is absolute, everything is in the confrontation and collision. Zhuangzi often ridiculed Confucius, Han Feizi was a student of Xunzi, the exchange of ideas was extremely frequent, and new ideas kept emerging.

By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism became the only correct ideology of governing the country in China for thousands of years. For more than 2,000 years, although Han Yu, Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming and others have developed Confucianism, its light has always been shrouded by the huge shadow of Confucius, which is not as bright and dazzling as Mozi and Zhuangzi.

If Zhou Tianzi called other countries vassal states, then there was no Qin Shi Huang to unify the six countries, because the Western Zhou Dynasty unified the world to be called so, and history is contradictory.

In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the ideas of each school exchanged and collided with each other, and many classic works were born. Therefore, the term "Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period" with a hundred schools of thought reflects the affirmation of ideology and history. "In Chinese history, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the most brilliant and brilliant era of thought and culture.

During this period, there was an unprecedented academic situation in which hundreds of schools of thought criticized each other and contended with each other, which occupied an important position in the history of the development of Chinese thought. According to the records of the Hanshu · According to the records of the "Hanshu Art and Culture Journal", there are a total of 189 names and 4,324 works. Later books such as "Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi" and "Siku Quanshu General Catalogue" recorded that there were thousands of "Hundred Schools of Thought".

However, there are only ten that are more widely circulated, more influential, and more famous. In general, only 10 schools have been developed into schools. ”

There are political, economic, cultural, scientific, technological, and academic reasons, which are detailed below;

1. Political reasons. At that time, the society was in an era of great changes, the society was in turmoil, and the vassal states established their own countries one after another, in order to be in a hegemonic position in the competition, so the vassal states at that time recruited and absorbed talents, and wanted to use different doctrines to make their countries stronger. Such an environment provides a good academic environment for scholars from all walks of life, and also provides a good academic atmosphere for hundreds of schools of thought to contend.

2. Economic reasons. The rapid economic development of the time allowed some scholars to obtain things without having to work on their own. In the case of economic easing, they were able to continue their doctrine.

3. Cultural reasons. The official positions that were originally only hereditary nobles were gradually allowed to be held by lower-class scholars, and the status of the common people was improved. It promoted the development of culture and education, so there was even a wave of going to school at that time.

4. Scientific and technological reasons. At that time, science was greatly developed, such as optics, acoustics, mathematics and medicine. The development of academia also shows the improvement of people's living standards, and at the same time enriches people's spiritual and cultural world.

5. Academic reasons. Although scholarship was very popular at that time, because it was not as chaotic as in the past, scholarship depended on a certain power, and although the power at that time was independent, it did not depend on various political forces, and it existed independently. Therefore, although various academic schools struggle with each other, they still learn from each other and learn from each other in the struggle, which forms an academic atmosphere in which a hundred schools of thought contend.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the rapid development of social productive forces promoted the development of commerce and the prosperity of towns at that time. Traditional culture has been violently impacted, and at the same time, because of the exchange of various academic cultures, many famous teachers have emerged.

Clause. 1. Political factors. It was a time of great social change and social upheaval, and the kingdoms were in constant disarray.

In order to gain hegemony in the struggle, the monarchs of various countries vied with each other to recruit wise men and use different ideas and theories to make their countries rich and strong. This creates a relaxed academic atmosphere for hundreds of schools of thought to debate.

Clause. Second, it is an economic factor. At that time, the great economic development made some people an idle class, and they had time to engage in academic activities.

Clause. Third, it is a factor of science and technology. Science and technology such as astronomy, mathematics, optics, acoustics, mechanics, and medicine have made great progress. These scientific and technological achievements indicate the improvement of people's level of understanding and enrich people's spiritual world and material life.

Clause. Fourth, it is a cultural factor. At that time, the emperor was derelict in his duty to study in Shikoku, and as a result, the situation of "official learning" was broken, and the cultural and academic monopoly of the aristocracy spread to the lower strata of society, and then moved down to the people (this historical phenomenon is called "cultural downward shift"), resulting in "the prosperity of private learning".

The first wisdom of the tour. 5. Factors of academic freedom. Academic organizations are relatively independent in terms of political power.

Although they proceed from the interests of different social groups, write books, comment on current affairs, expound philosophies, and form their own expositions, they are not politically dependent and attached to a political power group, but "use me to stay, not to go."