On the issue of the opposition of the powerful landlords in Wang Anshi s reform

The powerful landlords have their own representatives in the **regime, that is, the imperial court**.

The powerful landlord here refers to a class.

It is not specific to a specific person or a certain area.

Then they can't do it because many of them are their representatives.

Protect their interests.

The conservatives represented by Sima Guang are powerful.

The New Party misappropriated personnel.

Social background: The Song Dynasty did not suppress annexation, which allowed the land to be intensively managed and freed up a large surplus labor force (it is estimated that less than 1% of the population at that time owned 70% of the country's land, and 20% of the country's total land entered the circulation market every year); This has successfully developed industry and commerce, not only absorbing a large number of rural laborers (a copper and lead mine in Shinshu alone employs more than 100,000 miners, mining day and night), but also promoting the rapid improvement of social economy and productivity.

It should be said that the huge financial income obtained by the Song Dynasty was not due to the aggravation of the exploitation of the peasants, but was the result of the rapid development of the national economy, the extreme prosperity of industry and commerce, and the increase in the level of productivity. As a traditionally agrarian country, the direct imposition of agricultural taxes on a large number of small yeoman farmers has always been the basis of state rule, and this is really unique in the Song Dynasty, and it was not until the end of the Qing Dynasty that industrial and commercial revenues once again exceeded agricultural taxes.

The implementation of the Seedlings Law and the Law on Exemption from Military Service is far from ideals. If the poor households voluntarily ask for money from the officials, there is still something to say, but in fact, the local officials forced the peasants to distribute a fixed amount of money to each house after the five families guaranteed each other, called scattered green seedlings, and in order to ensure that all the principal and interest were recovered after the autumn, the target of the distribution was the middle and upper families rather than the poor households, and they were afraid that the poor households would not be able to repay, so what else could we talk about benefiting the people? In the Seedlings Law, two cents of interest is charged, that is, 20 percent, which is an amount that ordinary people cannot afford.

The policy was implemented by the people below, and the Qingmiao Law and the Exemption Law seriously violated the interests of the bureaucratic class, and Wang Anshi misemployed people.

First, the reform of the economic system in the reform of the law has harmed the core interests of the scholar class.

The Northern Song Dynasty literati and doctor group represented the interests of big landlords and big businessmen, and the so-called righteous men and gentlemen, even if they had clean sleeves, imitated Liang Ji, and the family behind them was either rich or noble. The Song Dynasty did not restrict the annexation of land and scumbags, and there were very few official fields, so the annexation of the landlord class became a common practice. The following is an example of how the Qingmiao Law, the Fangtian Tax Law, and the Shiyi Law in Wang Anshi's reform law infringed on the interests of the scholars, bureaucrats, and landlords.

1. The Qingmiao Law: inhibited the land annexation and usury income of the powerful landlords.

The BIBS Act is actually to turn ** into a loanable bank. Every year, when the seedlings are not harvested, farmers can borrow from ** and wait until the harvest is harvested, and then return it. The Seedlings Law (40% interest) replaced the usury of the landlord class in the market (about 100,200% interest) and restricted the exploitation of the peasants by the usury of the big landlords;

In previous years, if the usury peasants could not pay it back, they had to sell their fields and sell their land, so the land was annexed by the big landlords, but after the introduction of the Green Seedling Law, the usury of the big landlords could not be released, and the way of making money through land annexation was also suppressed.

2. Fangtian Tax Law: It restricts the tax evasion behavior of bureaucrats and gentry and large landowners

According to the History of the Song Dynasty, the land registered in the national register decreased sharply from 5.24 million hectares in the Song Zhenzong period to 2.28 million hectares in the Song Renzong period. The tax burden of the state is hollowed out by these moths.

The powerful officials and rich surnames occupy unlimited fields, merge and counterfeit, are accustomed to customs, and heavy prohibitions cannot be prohibited. ”

Yuan took off "History of the Song Dynasty: Food and Goods".

The history of the Song Dynasty records that the bureaucratic and large landlord class occupied countless fields, and annexation and counterfeiting had become customary, and the imperial court could not prohibit it even if it was seriously prohibited.

The Fangtian Average Tax Law is to check and sort out the cultivated land and land taxes that have evaded taxes. Only 3.6 million mu were found in Xining; In addition, the cultivated land of the whole country was re-evaluated, and it was divided into five classes according to the fertility and barrenness, and different taxes were paid at different levels, so that the taxes of the low-income earners were exempted, so that the taxes were more fair. This naturally affected the core interests of the large landlord class.

3. Market Law: It restricts the control of large businessmen over the market, and the interests of businessmen are damaged

The market law is a system used to stabilize prices, and in fact, it has the function of a modern bank and a price bureau. **Raise a certain amount of capital, when the price is low, by **purchase; Wait until the price is **, and then sell. The aim is to prevent monopolies by merchants, to drive up prices, and to achieve capital appreciation in the country.

However, this allowed a large part of the commercial profits that had been monopolized by the big businessmen to be taken over to the state, and the manipulation and monopoly of the market by the big businessmen was struck.

To sum up, the reform of the economic system has seriously affected the economic interests of the bureaucratic landlord class.

Because Wang Anshi's changes only seem to benefit the country and the people, his so-called financial management can be summed up as restricting the way for rich people to make money, so that the country and the poor can benefit. However, under the system of the feudal society of the Biwu Society, the local bureaucracy could not be supervised with prudence and simplicity, and together with the penitence of filial piety or the tolerance of the literati in the Song Dynasty, this was simply a natural soil for corruption among the scholar class.

Because it is not good for the country and the people.

It can be seen from the hands of the people who will come from the question of the predetermined position.

Wang Anshi's reform was greatly hindered in the Song Dynasty at that time, because Wang Anshi's reform was to protect the people's interests, so it violated the garbled interests of the ruling class, so it was obstructed.

First, the old forces in the court, second, the former patriarchs, third, the queen and other people in the harem, fourth, the palace nobles, and fifth, the princes.

Wang Anshi's reform was blocked by conservative forces, and at that time, not only Song Shenzong opposed him, but even Sima Guang stood up to accuse Wang Anshi.

The reform of the law harmed the interests of the old forces and feudalism, and of course it was the old forces and feudal forces that blocked it.

1. Supporters of Wang Anshi's reform include:

1) Song Shenzong: The biggest supporter of the reform, but he wavered several times until his death.

2) Liang Qichao: Liang Qichao's Wang Jinggong is the most enduring work in the 20th century on Wang Anshi and his new law. "Wang Jinggong" completely overturned the case for Wang Anshi and his changes.

Liang Qichao used the theory of socialism as an analogy with Wang Anshi's new law measures, and called Wang Anshi the forerunner of the theory of socialism, and Mr. Hu Shizhi also held a similar view.

2. Opponents include:

1) Han Qi, ruling Zeng Gongliang, Chen Shengzhi, etc.: Shangshu advised Shenzong to stop the Qingmiao method in Wang Anshi's reform, 2) Cheng Lu Zhi in the imperial history: accused Wang Anshi of the ten major mistakes in changing the law, and Shenzong degraded Wang Anshi as a magistrate.

3) Zheng Xia, the supervisor of the door: Zheng Xia witnessed the drawbacks of the new law and did not agree to implement the new law. He met with Wang Anshi many times, and directly explained Wang Anshi's Qingpu Law, the Exemption Law, the Baojia Law, the City Change Law, and the disadvantages of waging wars on the border in the process of being implemented in various states and counties.

Let's hope he changes his course. The difference in political views made Wang Anshi's treatment of Zheng Xia change from blue eyes to white eyes. Zheng Xia not only did not get the promotion he deserved, but was demoted to the prison official who came to the door in the capital.

4) Shenzong's grandmother, Empress Dowager Cao, and mother Empress Dowager Gao: The two cried to Shenzong that "Wang Anshi is messing with the world". Song Shenzong became suspicious of the reform and dismissed Wang Anshi from the post of prime minister, causing the reform to suffer a serious setback.

5) Sima Guang: In the eighth year of Yuanfeng, at the beginning of Song Zhezong's accession to the throne, the Empress Dowager Gao lowered the curtain to listen to the government, and appointed Sima Guang as the prime minister, and the new law was almost all abolished.

Wang Anshi's reform lasted nine years, and those who supported the reform were called "Yuanfeng Party members", and those who opposed the reform were called "Yuanyou Party members".

The change is flawed, the achievements are obvious to all, the original intention is good, but the specific implementers may not be able to do the same as Wang Anshi, some places are eager for quick success, so that the conservative faction feels in crisis, and at the same time, some places damage the interests of the peasants, and there is that the emperor died early, Wang Anshi lost the people who supported his change If you are interested, you can take a look at the book called New Song Dynasty **, there is a good explanation for Wang Anshi's change.

Wang Anshi's reform of the law also has a series of problems that are not suitable for the social form of the time, as well as the customization of the law, he prefers to think about the problem from the perspective of human feelings, and looks at it from the perspective of Sima Guang as the first group of people. In fact, there is no one who is right and who is wrong.

Wang Anshi's reform was a vigorous reform in Chinese history aimed at the social reality of "poverty and weakness" in the Northern Song Dynasty at that time, with the purpose of enriching the country and strengthening the army. Based on the principle of "giving birth to the wealth of the world because of the power of the world, and taking the wealth of the world for the expenses of the world", Wang Anshi started from financial management and promulgated the "Farmland and Water Conservancy Law", the Law of Equal Loss, the Law of Green Seedlings, the Law of Exemption from Military Service (also known as the Law of Conscription), the Law of Municipal Trade, and the Law of Equal Taxation of Fangtian, and implemented the Law of Protecting Armor and the Art of General War to strengthen the army. The results achieved by the reform are obvious to all, but it ended in failure, and Wang Anshi's defects and various shortcomings in the reform are the main reasons.

The change touched the interests of the big landlords and big bureaucrats, and was strongly opposed by them, and Sima Guang wrote to the emperor many times to cancel the new law. The effective conscription law was also repealed.

Wang Anshi's change of law was in line with history, but it violated the interests of the old landlords, and opponents such as Sima Guang and Su Shi were opposed.

It was Su Que Suishi who wanted to oppose Wang An's fierce investigation of the stone change, which can be said to be very helpful at that time, and it also led to some strangeness, and there were also many voices that did not support it, but this matter also has a very high historical value, and the impact on future generations is also very far-reaching.

In addition to paying the justifiable "two taxes", there are also a variety of harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes, which cause a heavy burden to the people, coupled with years of wars and frequent natural disasters, the people are suffering, and complaints are constantly being heard in various places. Since the peasants had no way out, they rose up one after another. The reason is that Wang Anshi is in a hurry and doesn't care about the feelings of others; Most of the appointments are villains, in order to please the emperor and Wang Anshi, which makes the people complain; harming the interests of the big families and the landlord class; the emperor's hesitation; For those who do not support themselves, whether they are people of insight or traitors, they will be derogatory to other places.

At that time, after the failure of the Qingli New Deal in the Song Dynasty, various class contradictions and social contradictions were increasingly intensified. Because Wang Anshi's reform touched the interests of the bureaucracy and aristocracy at that time, and there were many drawbacks in the reform of the law, Wang Anshi was in a hurry to achieve results and used people improperly, which led to the failure of the reform.