The noun of early Tang Dynasty literature, the main content of early Tang Dynasty literature

"Four Masterpieces of the Early Tang Dynasty" refers to the collective name of the four literary scholars Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, and Luo Bin Wang in the early Tang Dynasty in China, referred to as "Wang Yang Lu Luo". The following is an explanation of the terms of ancient literary history brought, I hope it will be helpful to you.

The Old Tang Dynasty Book Yang Jiong's Biography said: "Yang Jiong and Wang Bo, Lu Zhaolin, and Luo Bin Wang are equally famous for their literary poems, and they are called Wang Yang Lu Luo in China, also known as the "Four Masterpieces".

They tried their best to break through the cage of Qi Liang's legacy and the "Shangguan style", transferred poetry from the narrow court to the vast market, moved from the narrow pavilion to the vast rivers and mountains and border fortresses, opened up the subject matter of poetry, enriched the content of poetry, gave poetry new vitality, improved the ideological significance of poetry at that time, showed a poetic style with a new breath, and promoted the development of poetry in the early Tang Dynasty towards a healthy road. First of all, it is manifested in the theme and content of the works, including epic poems and poems, as well as landscape poems, such as Wang Bo's "Tengwang Pavilion"; or to express the feelings of farewell, such as Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Shuzhou", which is a famous article that has been recited through the ages; and Luo Bing Wang's "Yu Yishui Giving Away". There are those who sing about recruiting people to go to the frontiers, those who describe the recruitment of husbands and women, and those who express sympathy for unfortunate women.

The four of them are all high and low, so they are closer to social reality, so they often use poetry to expose certain social phenomena. Secondly, the four masters of the early Tang Dynasty laid the foundation for the five-character rhythm poems, and made the seven-character ancient poems develop and mature. The law of five words appeared before the "Four Masterpieces", and the poet Wang Ji (Wang Bo is Wang Ji's nephew) in the early Tang Dynasty had made some efforts, but there were not many works.

It was only by the time of the "Four Masters" that the form of the Five Laws was fully brought into play and gradually fixed in their works. The "Four Masterpieces" laid a good foundation for the poetry of the later Shen Yan period and Song Zhiwen with a large number of high-quality poems.

Although the poems of the four masters have not been left to Qi Liang, they have initially reversed the literary atmosphere. Wang Bo clearly opposed the "Shangguan style" at that time and "thought about the disadvantages of reform", which was supported by Lu Zhaolin and others (Yang Jiong's "Preface to Wang Bo's Collection"). Their poems, from the court to life, have a wide range of themes and a more handsome style.

Lu and Luo's seven-word songs and deeds tend to be rhetorical, and the momentum is slightly stronger; Wang and Yang's five-word rhythm began to be standardized, and the tone was sonorous. The text also has a flexible and vivid atmosphere in the collection of words. Lu Shiyong's "General Theory of Poetry Mirror" said, "Wang Bo Gaohua, Yang Jiong is strong, Zhaolin Qingzao, Binwang Tanyi, Zi'an Qi is the most brilliant?"

Transferred to the early Tang Dynasty, with the brocade of the Six Dynasties. "Sijie is a figure in the transition period between the old and the new in the literary world of the early Tang Dynasty.

Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty: The early Tang Dynasty writers Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, and Luo Bin Wang said that all four were born in the Taizong period and were only in high positions and low; Gojong.

The period is famous all over the world for its literary words. The four of them were opposed to the "Shangguan style" in theory and practice, reflecting the change of poetic style, expanding the subject matter of poetry, and promoting the development of lyric poetry. They truly reflect the spiritual outlook and creative pursuit of ordinary people in the middle and lower classes of society, oppose delicate and delicate, and advocate rigidity.

Strengthen bones. Lu and Luo are long in singing, and Wang and Yang are long in the five laws.

2."Shangguan style": Shangguan refers to the early Tang Dynasty poet Shangguan Yi, who worked in five-character poems, so as to be based on graceful and flattering. Shangguan Yi was noble, so it was effective at that time.

The person who has it is called "Shangguan Body". It is characterized by meticulous observation, tactful feelings, neat duality, dedication to rhetorical and decorative beauty and lack of it.

with anger. Representative works: "Guilin Hall in Early Spring" and "Fenghe Mountain Night in Autumn".

3.Seven Absolute Holy Hands: refers to the poet Wang Changling of the Tang Dynasty, who vigorously wrote with the Seven Uniques, and there are more than 70 quatrains that have survived, about two-fifths of the existing poems.

His Seven Absolute Poetry is not only large in quantity, but also high in quality, and occupies an important position in the development process of the Tang Dynasty's Seven Absolute Poems.

4.Biansai Poetry School: A poetry genre that emerged in the Tang Dynasty. His poems are longer than seven words, especially the seven words and deeds, and he is good at describing the scenery and war life in the border area, expressing the thoughts and feelings of the four women who recruit people, most of them have patriotic feelings and enterprising spirit, and show a strong life atmosphere.

The basic characteristics of Sui Songyou and early Tang Dynasty literature were the fierce struggle between the pursuit of a formalist style of rhetoric and a healthy style of writing that paid more attention to social content, ideology and feelings. From the perspective of the relationship between literary inheritance, this can be regarded as a struggle between inheriting Qiliang literature and transforming Qiliang literature. The extravagant style since the Six Dynasties has controlled the literary world for a long time, so that the literary style of this period is still superficial, but the great unification of politics, especially the overall prosperity of the early Tang Dynasty society, is bound to create a new generation of literary style.

Sui Cheng Six Dynasties, Qi Liang literary style is blazing. But during the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui, with the turn of politics, there was also a new turn in literature. Some people of insight have clearly realized the necessity of reforming the style of writing and put it into practice, and some corresponding changes have taken place in literary creation, such as Lu Sidao, Yang Su, Xue Daoheng, and others have some good works.

However, after Emperor Yang ascended the throne, as politics relapsed into corruption, literature fell into bad luck again. Qi Liang's literary style was rampant again. It can be said that in the struggle between the two literary styles in the Sui Dynasty, the luxurious literary style still had the upper hand.

By the Tang Dynasty, this struggle had become more distinct and intense, and even more complicated. Tang Taizong and some of his court poets such as Shangguan Yi, known as the "Shangguan Ti", Shen Yanqi, Song Zhiwen, known as the "Shen Song Ti", and the "Four Friends of the Article". Li Qiao, Su Wei, Cui Rong, Du Xianyan, Yu Shinan, Li Baiyao, and the eldest grandson Wuji stupid nucleus, etc., mainly follow the literary style of the Six Dynasties, with outstanding words, gorgeous forms, and attention to sound rhythm, and the overall achievements are poor.

So much so that later generations criticized: "In the early Tang Dynasty, along with its humble and glamorous habits, the sentences and words were compared, which was not ancient and non-lawful, and the poetry was extremely declining." (Ye Xie's "Original Poems") Their main contribution is in the stereotyping and development of the lyric poems and the lyric endowment.

However, it cannot be denied that some of them, both in theory and in creative practice, have broken through the fetters of Qi Liang tradition and shown some new tendencies, especially Tang Taizong as a typical example, and the "Four Masters" (Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, Luo Bin Wang) represent another tendency. Although the legacy of Qi Liang is still very heavy, especially in terms of language form, it is difficult to get rid of Qi Liang's accumulated habits at once, but their poems express more true feelings and have distinct personalities, and some works still have strong content and characteristics of the times. This changed the mediocrity, boring, hollowness and erosion of the Six Dynasties from the most basic aspect, and gave the literature of the Tang Dynasty a new life.

After that, Chen Ziang built an style and further criticized the literary style of the Six Dynasties. At this point, Qi Liang's literary style was swept away, the development path of Tang Dynasty literature was completely expanded, and the glorious Tang Dynasty literature appeared on the literary world. It can be said that in the struggle between the two styles of writing in the early Tang Dynasty, the truly healthy, fresh and simple style of writing won the final victory.

The Tang and Song dynasties were a prose school in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, represented by Wang Shenzhong, Tang Shunzhi, Mao Kun, and Gui Youguang. Their basic viewpoint is to oppose the tradition of replacing "Taoism" with literature and to advocate the "unity of literature and Taoism."

The prose achievements of the Tang and Song dynasties surpassed those of the seven sons before and after, but they were not all good, and their collections contained many Taoist articles and entertaining texts that commended the filial sons and martyrs. The "mind" and "heart source" they advocate refer to the inner world of Taoists. Mao Kun said

The writers of the world should seek the focus of the six books and go deeper than their paths, and then send them into texts. It can be seen that they regard the Tao as the source of literature, and the Tao is prosperous. This view shackles the creation.

At the same time, it also weakened the influence of their literary ideas, and from the standpoint of Taoism, it could not shake the foundation of the retro school. The seven sons of the Tang and Song dynasties spanned the three dynasties of Hongzhi, Zhengde and Jiajing, and replaced the Taige style to preside over the literary world for a hundred years. Only his prose creation had a greater influence on later generations, such as the "Tongcheng School" in the Qing Dynasty, which inherited its tradition.

On the one hand, by the infection of the spirit of the Tang Dynasty and the influence of the art of the Tang Dynasty, the poems will also show the inheritance of the Tang Dynasty, such as the spirit of the pursuit of meritorious service and heroic heroism, and the poems also reveal heroic pride and patriotism, showing a high-spirited emotional tone and strong spirit, still concerned about the society, It also reflects real life to a certain extent; On the other hand, the rise and fall of the times have caused a strong psychological loss in them, and the ardent desire to advance has been replaced by a negative sense of seclusion from the world. In addition to singing and composing for entertainment, their poems mainly write about the trivial matters of daily life, natural scenery and sorrowful travel, expressing the feelings of loneliness and coldness, and expressing the secluded atmosphere of transcendence and seclusion. This fashion of the times and the taste of life affect their aesthetic taste.

In the poems, the ideal colors and romantic mood of the Kaiyuan and Tianbao prosperous times gradually faded, and the artistic pursuit of dilution and peace, the pursuit of faint and distant charm, although there was flavor and the spirit of the bones declined.

From the Tang Dynasty to the Middle Tang Dynasty, the situation of the country changed abruptly, and the development of poetry during this period also underwent obvious changes. Its characteristics are mainly manifested in:

The theme of the poem should shift from describing the ideal realm to reflecting the social reality; The poetic technique should shift from fantasy, fiction and exaggeration to strict realism, the writing style should change from casual swaying to hard work, and the artistic style should change from lofty and elegant to simple and deep.

Therefore, the main tendency of the Chinese and Tang poetry circles is to avoid reality, sing about landscapes, and praise seclusion. In art, the pursuit of dilution and peace, the pursuit of charm, tends to be neat and concise.

Background of the Middle Tang Dynasty:

The time span of the Middle Tang Dynasty is about 70 years from the outbreak of the Anshi Rebellion in the last year of Xuanzong Tianbao of the Tang Dynasty to the Baoli period of Jingzong of the Tang Dynasty. During this period, there were constant wars (Anshi Rebellion, feudal town secession, and Tibetan invasion). After the "Anshi Rebellion", the prosperity and stability of the Tang Dynasty are gone, and there has been a feudal town division and eunuch dictatorship that affected the beginning and end of the Tang Dynasty since Suzong, although there was also a short-term Zhongxing of Xianzong in the later period, but a wave of unsettled waves rose again, and there was a party dispute between Niu and Li in the Xianzong Dynasty, which accelerated the demise of the Tang Dynasty.