The four thinking methods of dialectics, what are the main methods of dialectical thinking

The dialectical thinking method is the intermediary for people to correctly understand the world and is a tool for theoretical thinking.

Human understanding of dialectical thinking has a process of development from spontaneous to conscious. The application of Marxist dialectics and epistemology in the field of thinking shows that human dialectical thinking has a complete and scientific form, and thus can be correct.

Reveal the nature of the dialectical thinking method. The dialectical thinking method is the intermediary for people to correctly understand the world, a cognitive tool for the subject to grasp the object conceptually, and a method for people to correctly carry out theoretical thinking. It is a whole made up of a series of methods.

The main method of dialectical thinking.

1) Induction and deduction.

Induction is the method of ascending from the individual to the general. Deduction is the method of deriving individual conclusions from general principles.

2）.Analysis and synthesis.

Analysis is a method of thinking that breaks things down into parts, aspects, and elements, and then studies them one by one. Synthesis is a method of thinking that decomposes the whole into parts, aspects, and elements, and then combines them into a whole. The relationship between analysis and synthesis is dialectical, analysis is the basis of synthesis, and synthesis is the completion of analysis.

3) Abstract and concrete (common test points).

Abstraction, as a method of thinking, refers to a method of extracting certain attributes and factors of an object and temporarily discarding other attributes and factors in thinking. Specifically, it is a combination of multiple prescriptives. There are two specific kinds:

The first is "perceptual concreteness", which is the synthesis of sensory diversity, and the concreteness that the senses can directly feel; The second is "rational concrete", that is, thinking concrete, which is a synthesis of various prescriptive properties formed on the basis of abstraction, and is a more profound representation of concrete in thinking. Human cognition follows two opposite paths in the movement of thought: one is from the concrete to the abstract, and the other is from the abstract to the concrete.

For dialectical thinking, what is more important is the method from abstraction to concrete, which is a process of thinking that takes abstraction as the logical starting point and achieves the logical end point with the concrete thinking as the logical end point through various forms of logical mediation.

4) The unity of logic and historyThe so-called unity of logic and history refers to the fact that the logical order of the theoretical system is a reflection of the objective historical development order. The reason why logic and history can be unified is that history is the basis of logic, and logic is the theoretical reproduction of history, which is derived from historical things. History is the basis of logic, and logic is the revision of history.

Dialectical thinking refers to the way of thinking that perceives things from the perspective of change and development, and is often considered to be a way of thinking that is opposed to logical thinking.

The dialectical thinking method includes the following aspects:

First, induction and deduction. Deduction and induction as dialectical thinking refer to the deduction and induction of dialectical understanding and dialectical application in actual thinking. This dialectical understanding and dialectical application is manifested in:

In dialectical thinking, deduction and induction are two different methods, and at the same time, they are interrelated, interdependent, interpenetrating, and transforming each other in their application. It can be said that the deductive and inductive methods used by dialectical thinking are a method in which the two are unified. Induction is inseparable from deduction, and deduction is inseparable from induction.

Second, analysis and synthesis. The so-called analysis refers to the process of distinguishing the various parts, aspects, elements and stages of the object of understanding in the thinking activity, and investigating and studying them separately. The so-called synthesis is to connect all parts, aspects, elements and stages of the object of knowledge in the thinking activity; A comprehensive understanding of their respective positions and roles in the whole. From a conceptual point of view, analysis and synthesis are two opposite methods of thinking, but they are interdependent, interpenetrating, interdependent, and mutually transformative.

Third, from the abstract to the concrete. "Abstraction" in the method of rising from abstraction to concreteness refers to the essential provisions about different aspects, different relationships, and different attributes of objective objects extracted from the perceptual concrete with rich content through the abstract power of thinking. And the "concrete" here refers to the comprehensive unity of multiple essential prescriptiveness.

Specific. Particular attention should be paid here to the concreteness in the method of ascending from the abstract to the concrete, first, it is different from the perceptual concrete, it is a kind of thinking concrete; Second, it is relative as a concrete concept, that is, it can only be called a concrete concept if it is relative to the abstract concept that precedes it. Rising from the abstract to the concrete is not only a logical method for constructing a theoretical system, but also a method for organizing and summarizing ideas in the process of general thinking and research problems

The leader is wrong, you say he's right! No matter how right you are, there is no superior! As long as the sycophants are right, you are guaranteed to be right in everything!

Read high school politics books, or Marx's philosophy.

Induction and deduction.

Induction: from individual to general. That is, to generalize the principles from the individual.

Deduction: From the general to the individual approach. That is, to deduce individual conclusions from general principles.

Relationships: Individuality and commonality; Exceptional and universal. Induction and deduction are two ways of thinking that go in opposite directions, and they are interdependent, interpenetrating, and mutually reinforcing.

Induction is the basis of deduction, and the general principles that are deductive are often inductive;

Deduction is the premise of induction, which provides theoretical guidance for induction.

Although induction can summarize the commonality of similar things, it cannot distinguish between essential and non-essential attributes, so the conclusion is not very reliable and should be supplemented by deduction.

The premise on which deduction is based is the commonality of things, but commonality only roughly includes individuality, and individuality cannot fully enter the commonality, and the multifaceted attributes of individuality cannot be revealed from the commonality, so it can be seen that both induction and deduction have limitations.

2.Analysis and synthesis.

Analysis: In the process of thinking, the objects of knowledge are divided into different components, aspects, characteristics, etc., and they are studied separately, so as to understand all aspects of things, and find out the basis and essence from them.

Synthesis: The different parts and aspects that are decomposed form a whole in an objective order, so as to achieve an understanding of the whole of things.

Relationship: The relationship between the whole and the parts, the system and the elements. Analysis and synthesis are two opposite ways of thinking, which are interconnected, transformed, and mutually reinforcing.

Analysis is the basis of synthesis, and there is no synthesis without analysis. Synthesis is the result of analysis, and there can be no scientific analysis without synthesis.

The dialectical thinking method, also known as the dialectical analysis method, is the dialectical method, which is a scientific method for thinking and analyzing according to the dialectical nature of objective things themselves. Dialectics regards all kinds of things and phenomena in the objective world as universally connected and eternally changing, and regards the development and change of the world as the result of the development and change of various contradictions inherent in itself.

Dialectical ways of thinking include: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concreteness, and the unity of logic and history.

The four basic methods of dialectical thinking are as follows:

2. Contradictory law. The law of contradiction is to start from the fundamental relationship between the two parts (or two aspects) within the research object, and deeply analyze, investigate and reveal the contradictory nature and contradictory relationship between the two sides, as well as the relationship and mode of opposition and unity between the contradictions that are interdependent, mutually struggling, mutually restrictive and mutually transformative.

Abstraction is a generalization or specification of the essence of an objective thing. Thinking concreteness or rational concreteness is a synthesis formed on the basis of abstraction, which is different from perceptual concreteness. Perceptual concreteness is only the concreteness directly perceived by the senses, while rational concreteness is the analysis and synthesis of thinking on the basis of perceptual concreteness to grasp the multifaceted attributes or essence of things.

3. Process method. The so-called process is the expression of the continuity of the development and change of things in time and space. Due to the contradictory movement of things, their development is successive in time and continuous in space, forming a process of development and change.

4. Contact Law. By connection, we mean universal connection. The so-called universal connection means that everything in the realm of the world is interdependent, mutually influential, and mutually restrictive.

Everything is not only interconnected and interacting with the things around it, but also the various elements and parts within it are always interconnected and interacting. This is objective and does not depend on human will.

The unity of logic and omission history. The logical thinking process from the abstract to the concrete should be consistent with the historical process of objective things and the historical process of cognition, that is, the unity of logic and history. The unity of logic and history is an intrinsic requirement that rises from the abstract to the concrete.

Logic refers to rational thinking or abstract thinking, which reflects the regularity of objective things in the form of a theoretical bridge.

5. Practical method. The practical method is also known as the method of subjective and objective active unity, that is, the conclusions of the ideological and cognitive achievements formed in the previous four-step method research are put back into social practice to investigate, test, revise and re-develop, so as to complete the organic unity of subjective and objective cognitive activities and develop the truth in the active practical activities.

The dialectical method of thinking includes induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concreteness, and the unity of logic and history.

The methods shared by formal logic and dialectical logic are inductive and deductive, analytic and synthetic.

The peculiar method of dialectical thinking is the unity of abstraction and concreteness, logic and history.

The first and most basic method of thinking is induction and deduction.

Abstraction and concrete abstraction is a generalization or regulation of the essence of an objective thing. Thinking concrete or rational concrete is a synthesis formed on the basis of abstraction, it is different from perceptual concrete, people's understanding of things goes through the process from (perceptual) concrete to abstract and from abstract to (rational) concrete, for dialectical thinking, it is important to rise from abstract to concrete.

History and logic are correct, and Li Xi is unified. The process of rising from the abstract to the concrete is also the process of reproducing the historical development of the object with logical inevitability, and the unity of logic and history is the internal requirement of rising from the abstract to the concrete.

Logic is rational thinking or abstract thinking, which reflects the regularity of objective things in the form of theories.

History has two meanings:

One refers to the objective reality of the historical development process, brother.

The second refers to the historical development process of human understanding. History is the basis and content of logic, and logic is the theoretical reproduction of history, which is the "revised" history.