Where is the new materialism new, and what is the difference between the old and the new materialism

The new materialism is called the scientific worldview, which overcomes the shortcomings of the old materialism and becomes outright materialism. 1. Materialism believes that matter is the first nature and consciousness is the second nature.

Matter is the origin of the world, there is matter first, then consciousness, matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of matter. It recognizes the objective reality of matter, which is independent of consciousness, which is the basic premise of materialism. 2. Materialism is generally the worldview of the progressive class.

In the course of its historical development, materialism has roughly gone through three classes, and correspondingly, it has three manifestations, namely: ancient naïve materialism and modern metaphysical materialism.

and modern new materialism. Extended materials: 1. Materialism, that is, materialism, Marxism.

It is believed that materialism is one of the two basic schools of philosophy, which is opposed to idealism, in the basic problems of philosophy.

It advocates that matter is the first nature, spirit is the second nature, the origin of the world is matter, and spirit is the projection and reflection of matter. 2. Materialism, a philosophical theory, affirms that the basic composition of the world is matter, and that material forms and processes are the main way for us to understand the world, and holds the view that only de facto matter is an entity that exists, and is considered a form of physicalism. 3. Idealism is one of the two basic schools of philosophy.

A philosophical system of thought that is opposed to materialism. The basic meaning of idealism is that on the basic philosophical issue of the relationship between thinking and existence, spirit and matter, it is believed that spirit (consciousness) is the first nature, matter is second, spirit determines matter, and matter is the product of spirit. 4. Therefore, in subjective idealism.

In the view, the subjective spirit is the original and primary, while the things of the external world are derived and secondary. It should be noted that the subjective consciousness of the subjective idealist refers to the sum of the immaterial in nature, not simply the human mind.

The new materialism is the "opposite of the old materialism". It refers to the modern materialism founded by Marx and Engels. The main characteristic of the new materialism is its class nature and practicality.

1.The old materialism is an intuitive, negative, and passive reflection theory, while the new materialism is a dialectical, positive, and active reflection theory.

2.The old materialism regards cognition as static and unchanging, while the new materialism regards cognition as dynamic and developing.

3.The old materialism regarded cognition as the correspondence between subjectivity and objectivity, while the new materialism recognized that practice is the basis of cognition.

4.The old materialism ignores the active role of the subject, while the new materialism affirms the subjective active role.

5.The old materialism does not involve human society, and the new materialism runs through the principle of good materialism to human society.

The above is the difference between the old and new materialism, I hope it will be helpful to you.

Dialectical materialism andOld materialismThe difference is:

1. Dialectical materialism introduces the scientific concept of practice into epistemology, takes practice as the basis of all epistemology, and points out that cognition is the active reflection of the subject on the object through practice, overcoming the defect of the old materialism denying the role of practice and biologicalizing and naturalizing human cognition, that is, detaching the social nature and the historical development of human beings to observe the problem of cognition.

2. Dialectical materialism puts dialectics.

Implementing the theory of reflection, it scientifically explains the dialectical process of the development of human cognition, reveals the basic laws of cognitive movement, and overcomes the metaphysics of the old materialism that intuitively condenses cognition, solidifies it, and is one-sided.

defects. <>

3. From the above, it can be seen that, compared with the old materialism, dialectical materialism is a thorough scientific reflection theory. Dialectical materialism overcomes the defects of the narrow, mechanical, intuitive, and passive nature of the old materialism of "only understanding from an objective or intuitive form" with its practical outlook and dialectics.

4. The epistemology of dialectical materialism.

It inherited and carried forward the materialist reflection theory, thoroughly adhered to the materialist line of cognition, opposed idealism, transcendental theory, thoroughly adhered to scientific agnosticism, and opposed agnosticism.

At the same time, it overcomes the defects of the old materialist reflection theory.

Mainly because the old materialism was materialism in the view of nature and idealism in the view of history.

How to understand the organic unity of "materialism in the view of nature and idealism in the view of history" and materialism and dialectics in philosophy.

The view of nature and the view of history are actually the two interpretations of philosophy in the two fields of nature and society.

Materialism in the view of nature means that when we understand nature and understand the state of its generation and development, we believe that nature is purely material, without the existence of God, nor the influence of ideas, and is material.

Idealism in the view of history means that when understanding the emergence and development of society, we believe that the emergence of society is guided by the wisdom of human beings, and that social consciousness determines social existence, and overemphasizes people's subjective initiative. Materialism means that social existence determines social consciousness, and human subjectivity is swayed by objective facts.

The basic requirement of dialectics is to look at problems from a point of view of connection, development, comprehensiveness and contradiction. The basic connotation of the organic unity of materialism and dialectics is that the world is regarded as a material world, the material world is in universal connection and eternal development, and the connection and development of the material world are the connection and development of contradictory things. Talking only about the material world, not about the connection, development, and contradictions of the world, this is the old materialism; If we only talk about the connections, developments, and contradictions in the material world, and do not talk about the material world, we will fall into idealism.

You talk about connection and development, but what is the main body of connection and development? Is it the connection and development of the material world, or is it the connection and development of spirits, concepts, and principles as Hegel said? The Chinese philosopher Zhu Xi said that if the mountains and rivers collapse, the reason of the mountains and rivers is still there.

Looking at it this way, leaving materialism and talking about the development of connections is idealism. You talk about the material world, but in what state does the material world exist? Is it in the midst of connections, developments, and contradictions, or is it the other way around?

The former is dialectics, the latter metaphysics. The material world mentioned in Marxist philosophy is the material world in which contradictions, connections and developments are in progress; The contradictions, connections, and developments it talks about are the contradictions, connections, and developments of the material world. Thus, he achieved the unity of materialism and dialectics.

The foothold of the new materialism is human society or socialized human beings.

Marx. The term "human society" here is synonymous with the communist society that Marx later adopted. It is only in the communist society that people have completely eliminated the system of private ownership and exploitation, and only then have they established an ideal social system based on public ownership without class distinction and class oppression.

It was only then that the people of Hu Qing grasped the objective law of natural and social development, changed from the slave of nature and society to the master of nature and society, and leaped from the kingdom of necessity to the kingdom of ideals. Therefore, only a communist society can be considered a true "human society". As Marx and Engels pointed out in the Communist Manifesto:

In place of a bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, there will be a union in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all. Marx's reference here to "man rushing to be a society of honor" is in opposition to the "civil society" that Feuerbach and others used to a certain extent in essays and the young Marx himself. For the young Marx, "civil society" mainly referred to the real society of the time, and led to the conclusion of revolutionBut in Feuerbach's case, it refers entirely to capitalist society and bourgeois social relations themselves, and at the same time to the political position and class nature of the old materialists such as Feuerbach.

Related Books:

Differences: 1. The old materialism looks at problems from a static and isolated perspective, while the old materialism is easy to generalizeDialectical materialism can see the strengths and weaknesses of the same thing. 2. Matter in dialectical materialism is an abstract concept;The old materialism equated matter with its concrete form.

Dialectical materialism is composed of three parts: dialectical materialism, materialist dialectics, and dialectical materialist epistemology. Dialectical materialism is Marx's critical inheritance of the excellent achievements of human culture, especially on the basis of critically absorbing the "rational core" of Hegel's dialectics and the "basic core" of Feuerba's regressive materialism. The birth of dialectical materialism was a revolution in the history of philosophy.

1.Dialectical materialism that matter is an abstract concept, while old materialism equates matter with the concrete form of matter;2.Old materialism is metaphysical, denying the reaction of consciousness to matter, and knowing the world in a static and isolated way;3.

The old materialism was idealistic in its view of history, but dialectical materialism achieved the unity of the materialist dialectical world outlook and the historical outlook.

The difference between dialectical materialism and old materialism

The reflection theory of the old materialism regarded human cognition as a passive, passive reflection and acceptance of external objects. It has serious defects: First, the reflection theory of the old materialism is an intuitive reflection theory, and cognition is a direct "photographic and reflection" of objective things, which is a mechanical reproductionThe second is to depart from practice to examine the problem of understanding, so that they do not understand the decisive role of practice in understandingThird, they do not understand the dialectical nature of cognition, and they do not examine the problem of cognition without dialectics, and they cannot regard cognition as a process of continuous development, but think that cognition is completed at one time.

This intuitive passive-passive reflection theory is unfavorable.

The epistemology of dialectical materialism, while inheriting the rational premise of the reflection theory of the old materialism, has overcome its serious shortcomings. First of all, the epistemology of dialectical materialism introduces the perspective of practice into epistemology, scientifically stipulates the subject and object of cognition and their mutual relations, and believes that the relationship between subject and object is first of all a relationship between transformation and transformation, and on this basis, the relationship between them is reflected and reflected. Secondly, dialectical materialism applies dialectics to the theory of reflection and to the investigation of the development process of cognition, and scientifically reveals the multifaceted dialectical relations in the process of cognition.

Therefore, it comprehensively reveals the dialectical nature of the process of cognition, and regards cognition as a dynamic process of cognition full of contradictions from ignorance to knowledge, from shallow to profound.

This kind of reflection theory, which is characterized by the practical viewpoint and the dialectical viewpoint, not only refutes the idealistic transcendental theory and the agnostic skepticism, but also overcomes the defects of the old materialist intuitive reflection theory, establishes the dynamic revolutionary reflection theory based on the scientific practical view, and realizes the transformation in the history of human cognition.

1. Materialism.

It is a finite doctrine, which is opposed to infinity and monotheism. Materialism acknowledges that the world is knowable, but denies the existence of an all-knowing One (God). Materialism recognizes that the above argument contains contradictions, but does not try to resolve this contradiction, but admits it, believing that everything contains contradictions, and the more contradictions there are, the more real they are.

Monotheism also acknowledges the existence of contradictions, but denies the universality and reality of contradictions, arguing that the world is knowable, but that there must be an omniscient (God) before there is a knowable, and only the omniscient (God) is real.

2. Idealism.

It is one of the two basic schools of philosophy, a philosophical system of thought opposed to materialism. The basic meaning of idealism is that in the philosophical ontology of the relationship between thinking and existence, spirit and matter, spirit (consciousness) is the first nature of the world, and matter is the second nature of the world.

Materialism is a worldview doctrine, and in the history of philosophy, it has become one of the two major camps of philosophy, as opposed to idealism.

Materialism believes that the essence of the world is matter, and matter determines consciousness.

For example, you have a table in front of you. Why do you think it's a table? Because it was meant to be a table. It exists objectively.

Idealism believes that the essence of the world is consciousness, and consciousness determines matter.

Again, in this example, you have a table in front of you. Why does this table exist? Because you think it exists. You close your eyes and it doesn't exist.

Idealism is divided into subjective idealism and objective idealism.

Subjective idealism: The essence of the world is consciousness, which is my consciousness. I am the essence of the world. The world is in my heart. Representative figures include China's Wang Shouren, who proposed that "there is nothing outside his heart" and that the world was just an illusion in his mind.

Objective idealism: The essence of the world is consciousness, the consciousness of God. The world is under God's control, and everything is developing according to God's will.

Hegel is represented by Hegel. Hegel believed that there was a mysterious force in the depths of the universe, the "Absolute Spirit", which governed the development and change of all things in the world.

To put it more bluntly, subjective idealism holds that the world is taken for granted by my own consciousness. In a word, it's what you want it to be.

The objective idealist, on the other hand, believes that the world is not something he takes for granted, but is dominated by a spiritual being. Notice that this master is a spirit body. To give a straightforward example, such as God, Jesus, immortals in Chinese Taoism, and so on.

All have the characteristics of divine power, immortality, and immaterial entities.

So the difference between subjective and objective idealism is that you are the boss or God is the boss.