What are the dangers of venous thrombosis of the lower extremities and how is venous thrombosis of t

The harm of venous thrombosis of the lower extremities is mainly to cause local eczema and ulcers. After the thrombosis of the lower limbs is formed, it will affect the blood circulation, which will reduce the local blood ** and lead to poor nutrition, so that the local ** will have some inflammatory reactions and ulcers. In addition, there is a more serious harm, that is, the thrombus can gradually reach the deep vein through the superficial vein, and will enter the large circulation with the blood flow, and then reach the lungs through the circulation, which will eventually lead to pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening and life-threatening. Patients are advised to undergo a thorough examination in a timely manner and then aggressively proceed with symptomatic treatment**.

Pulmonary embolism: Pulmonary embolism is a pathological process caused by the blockage of an embolus in the pulmonary arteries or their branches. It has a low diagnostic rate, a high misdiagnosis rate, and a high case fatality rate.

In particular, the chance of embolus falling off during thrombolysis** is higher, and large emboli can lead to death within minutes. Pulmonary embolism lacks specificity, chest tightness, chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, dyspnea and other symptoms, similar to myocardial infarction, easy to miss and misdiagnose. The typical symptoms of pulmonary embolism are dyspnea, chest pain, cough, and hemoptysis.

Thrombolysis of varicose veins of the lower limbs**Bleeding: The most important complication in thrombolysis** is bleeding, especially should be vigilant for gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding, for hemorrhagic complications, patients should be instructed to self-observe and prevent, such as gum bleeding, nasal bleeding, mucosal bleeding, melena, etc., ask the patient not to pick the nose and ear canal with hard sharp objects, and not to cough vigorously to avoid causing hemoptysis; Use a soft-bristled toothbrush to brush your teeth gently to avoid unnecessary trauma; The diet should be light and digestible to avoid food damage to the digestive tract, and many fiber-rich foods to keep the stool smooth.

Post-thrombotic syndrome is the most common and important complication, in which the venous valve is destroyed or even disappears or adheres to the wall during the organization of the thrombosis, resulting in secondary deep vein valve insufficiency, i.e., post-thrombotic syndrome. Postthrombotic syndrome occurs months to years after venous thrombosis of the lower limbs, and is mainly manifested as chronic edema, pain, muscle fatigue (venous claudication) of the lower limbs, varicose veins, pigmentation, changes in subcutaneous tissue fibers, the formation of stasis dermatitis, the formation of local ulcers in severe cases, the formation of astonymous legs, and the impact on the quality of life of patients.

Yes, the harm of thrombosis is to narrow and block the diameter of blood vessels; Resulting in insufficient blood supply and no blood supply. It causes dysfunction of the organs in this area, and in severe cases, loss of function.

First, the thrombus attached to the blood vessel wall will narrow the diameter of the blood vessel, and it will become narrower and narrower, so that the blood supply will be reduced, and it will cause organ dysfunction. When the diameter of the blood vessel is completely blocked, the function of the blocked organ (such as cerebral thrombosis, myocardial infarction) will be lost.

Second: thrombus with blood flow, once there is a trigger (weather, emotion, infusion, etc.), the blood vessel constriction or expansion is intensified, and it is easy to make the unstable thrombotic plaque attached to the blood vessel wall fall off, and these flowing thrombus will be blocked at the narrow diameter of the blood vessel or at the small blood vessel, resulting in the blockage of the blood vessel, which will cause organ dysfunction in the part and loss of function in severe cases.

How is venous thrombosis in the lower extremities? There are three reasons for this. One is the increase in blood viscosity, or the damage to the inner wall of the veins of the lower limbs, or the change of blood flow rate, and venous thrombosis will occur if any of these three conditions are abnormal.

For example, when there is an injury to the lower limbs, this situation will cause damage to the lining of the veins of the lower limbs, and blood clots will form. If the patient has a tumor, the blood composition changes, so that there will also be blood clots, under normal circumstances, if long-term sitting, long-term bed rest, blood circulation is not smooth, blood circulation is affected, blood clots will also appear. When the patient has venous thrombosis of the lower limbs, in most cases, the patient will feel local discomfort in the lower limbs, there may be swelling pain, or local hot feeling, if you look carefully, it will be a little red and swollen, when there is venous thrombosis, the patient can see that there is a red or purple-red cord under the part along the vein, and there will be local pain when you touch it with your hand.

Venous thrombosis**, venous stagnation and hypercoagulability are the two main causes. A single factor cannot cause the disease independently, and it is often a combination of two or three factors that causes deep vein thrombosis. For example, the high incidence of postpartum deep vein thrombosis, that is, postpartum intrauterine placental detachment caused by comprehensive factors, can quickly stop bleeding in a short period of time, and does not cause postpartum hemorrhage, which is closely related to the hypercoagulable state of blood.

The placenta produces large amounts of estrogen during pregnancy, peaking at term. The amount of estriol can be increased to 1000 times that of non-pregnancy, estrogen promotes the liver to produce various coagulation factors, and fibrinogen in the body also increases greatly at the end of pregnancy, resulting in a hypercoagulable state of blood postpartum, and then bed rest makes the blood flow of the lower limbs sluggish and has a tendency to develop deep vein thrombosis. Slow blood flow alone is not enough to produce this disease, and sometimes it is accompanied by damage to the blood vessel wall, such as direct injury to chronic diseases or distant tissue damage to produce leukocyte tropism factor, which makes leukocytes move to the blood vessel wall, and the appearance of cracks in the endothelial cell layer and the exposure of the subintimal glue of the basement membrane can make platelets move to the vascular intima and lead to the occurrence of agglutination process.

Venous thrombosis can be divided into three types: red thrombus, or coagulated thrombus, with a relatively uniform composition, platelets and white blood cells scattered in gelatinous masses of red blood cells and cellulose; White blood clots include cellulose-layered platelets and white blood cells, with very few red blood cells; Mixed thrombosis most commonly consists of white thrombosis, lamellar red thrombus and leukothrombus forming the body, or lamellar thrombus forming the tail.

1.Blood stasis is the leading factor in the formation of deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities. Due to long-term bed rest, trauma or fracture, major surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, long-distance car or plane sedentary life, or long-term sitting and squatting, etc., the blood flow can be slow, stagnant, and promote venous thrombosis of the lower limbs.

The left iliac vein is susceptible to right iliac artery riding compression (Cockett syndrome), causing impaired distal venous return and leading to thrombosis. 2.Blood hypercoagulable states such as trauma, surgery, large-scale burns, pregnancy, postpartum, etc., can increase platelets, enhance adhesion, and easily form thrombosis.

The other type of AT-III, PC, PS, and T-PA caused by congenital autosomal dominant inheritance or abnormal activity is called "hereditary thrombotic syndrome", which can also lead to venous thrombosis. 3.Venous wall injuryThe venous wall is affected by any factors, common mechanical injury, infectious and chemical damage, which will expose the collagen in the subintimal basal membrane and connective tissue, platelets will then adhere to it, aggregate, and release many bioactive substances, such as catecholamines, serotonin, etc., at the same time, under the action of platelet thrombin, prostaglandin PGG2, PGH2 and other substances are formed through arachidonic acid, which can aggravate the aggregation of platelets and help form thrombosis.

1.Deep vein thrombosis of the lower leg, although the deep vein of the calf is the most prone to thrombosis after surgery, it is often missedCommon symptoms, such as pain and tenderness in the lower leg, mild swelling or inconspicuous swelling in the lower leg, Homans sign can be positive, and superficial venous pressure is often normal.

2.Femoral vein thrombosis, in which the vast majority of femoral vein thrombosis occurs secondary to deep vein thrombosis in the lower leg, but a small number of femoral vein thrombosis can be present alone with signs of tenderness at the adductor canal site, popliteal fossa, and deep calf. Mild edema is common in the lower leg and ankle on the affected side, and the venous pressure in the affected limb is 2 to 3 times higher than that on the unaffected side, and the Homans sign is positive or negative.

3.Iliofemoral vein thrombosis, the vast majority of iliofemoral vein thrombosis secondary to deep vein thrombosis of the lower leg, but sometimes primary in iliofemoral vein or iliofemoral vein postpartum women with pelvic fractures and patients with advanced cancer are prone to lesions. The deep veins of the left lower extremity are 2 3 times more abundant than those on the right side, which may be due to the longer course of the left common iliac vein, and part of the left common iliac venous lumen is compressed by the right common iliac artery.

Occasionally, it may also be due to the presence of a congenital reticular malformation at the junction of the left common iliac vein and inferior vena cava.

Quit smoking, because smoking can change the viscosity of the blood, and the blood becomes viscous and easy to stagnate.

There are many causes of varicose veins of the lower limbs, the most common is simple superficial varicose veins of the lower limbs, which is mainly due to the insufficiency of the femoral saphenous vein valve. Another important ** is seen in primary lower extremity deep vein valve insufficiency (PDVI), which is often associated with saphenous vein valve insufficiency, which often presents with tortuous dilation of superficial veins. In addition, post-deep vein thrombotic syndrome of the lower extremities, in which superficial veins compensate for tortuous dilation occur due to poor deep venous return; Lower extremity arteriovenous fistula and venous malformation hyperosteopathy syndrome can also have superficial varicose veins of the lower extremities; Obstruction of inferior vena cava return, such as Budd-Chiari syndrome, can also lead to varicose veins in the lower extremities.

(1) Sluggish venous blood flow.

b) Damage to the vein wall.

3) Blood hypercoagulability.

Varicose veins refer to the tortuosity and dilation of veins due to factors such as blood stagnation and weak venous walls. Varicose veins can occur in many parts of the body, such as hemorrhoids are actually a kind of varicose veins, and clinical manifestations include esophageal and gastric varices, varicoceles and abdominal wall varices. Varicose veins most often occur in the lower extremities.

It is worth emphasizing that varicose veins are secondary manifestations of other lesions.

In the mid-nineteenth century, Virchow proposed three major factors for deep vein thrombosis: venous blood flow retardation, venous wall damage, and blood hypercoagulability.

The clinic believes that the harm of venous thrombosis of the lower extremities can be roughly divided into two categories:

1. Thrombophlebitis: There are two groups of deep and superficial veins in the lower limbs, and the deep veins run parallel to the arteries in the deep layers of the muscles; The superficial vein (saphenous vein) runs independently under the skin and joins the femoral vein at the base of the thigh. The veins of the lower limbs are long, with many valves and branches, and they are susceptible to trauma; or due to slow, stagnant blood flow to varicose veins; In addition, many factors such as high blood viscosity and platelet aggregation contribute to the formation of venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and complicated by thrombophlebitis.

Symptoms: swelling, weakness, heaviness, and difficulty walking in the affected limb. Due to the obstruction and stasis of blood flow in the affected limb, tissue ischemia and hypoxia are caused.

2. Pulmonary embolism: a common complication of venous thrombosis in the lower limbs, and the thrombus blocking the pulmonary artery mostly comes from the veins of the lower limbs. The veins of the lower extremities and the pulmonary arteries belong to the same circulatory pathway. After the venous thrombosis of the lower extremity breaks off, it travels along the bloodstream to the lungs and blocks the pulmonary arteries, causing pulmonary embolism.

Large emboli can stay at the bifurcation of the pulmonary aorta or lobar artery, resulting in large-scale pulmonary embolism, acute and severe disease, and high mortality. Small emboli can reach the distal end of the pulmonary blood vessels, causing a small area of pulmonary obstruction, and the disease is mild and insidious. Pulmonary embolism manifestations lack specificity.

Symptoms such as chest tightness, chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, and dyspnea are similar to myocardial infarction, and are easy to be missed and misdiagnosed.

Venous thrombosis of the lower extremities is characterized by swelling of the affected limb and deep vein thrombosis of the lower leg with only swelling and tenderness of the lower leg. Iliofemoral vein thrombosis is a widespread swelling of the lower extremities with extensive superficial venous distension or varices. In femoral bruising, the swelling of the affected limb is more severe and extensive.

The swelling of the affected limb is worse when standing for a long time or during exertion and lessens with elevation or bed rest.

After deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs, due to the accumulation of blood in the veins of the affected limbs and the edema of the tissues, the ** color of the affected limbs is generally pale white, which is called femoral white swelling. Due to the abundance of blood on the surface of the body due to the return of blood through the superficial venous collateral circulation, the temperature can be slightly increased. When extensive thrombosis of the whole lower limb occurs, severe limb swelling, it can be accompanied by spasm of the arteries of the limbs, the affected limb is purple and blue, and the temperature is reduced, which is called femoral bruising or femoral coulidosis.

The most common and serious complication of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities is pulmonary embolism, in which patients have clinical symptoms such as chest pain, cough, hemoptysis, etc., which can cause respiratory and circulatory dysfunction, rales in the lungs, and can be complicated by hydropleural cavity, which is the main cause of death. Venous thrombosis of the lower extremities is serious, so patients should rest strictly and should not get out of bed to avoid pulmonary embolism.

There are two types of venous thrombosis: one is thrombophlebitis, which refers to inflammation as the first and thrombosis as secondary. The other is venous thrombosis, which refers to the fact that thrombosis is the first phenomenon, and the inflammatory process of the venous wall is secondary.

However, deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities is most common. The elderly not only have a high incidence rate, but also are prone to fatal pulmonary embolism, which deserves attention.

If the venous thrombosis of the limb is not timely** or inappropriately, it can lead to complete or partial loss of function of the affected limb and become disabled. If an embolus detaches from the primary site, it can cause acute pulmonary embolism (PE) that can be life-threatening. Venous thrombosis of the lower extremities should be prevented, detected early, and detected early.