What are the most prominent features of the Southern Song Dynasty in the history of economic develop

The Southern Song Dynasty in the history of economic development in ancient China.

The most prominent feature of the period was the southward shift of the economic center of gravity.

1. In terms of agricultural production, ancient China emerged in the Southern Song Dynasty.

A new pattern of grain diversion from the south to the north. Due to the measures taken by the Southern Song Dynasty to build water conservancy and encourage land reclamation, coupled with the large number of southward migration of the northern population and the hard work of the vast number of farmers, the yield per unit area of crops in the Southern Song Dynasty increased by two or three times compared with the Tang Dynasty, and the overall development level greatly exceeded that of the Tang Dynasty. The development of agriculture during the Southern Song Dynasty made the Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions.

At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, it became the most developed agricultural region in China, and a new pattern of China's south-to-north grain transfer appeared.

2. In terms of handicraft manufacturing, the handicraft production of the Southern Song Dynasty reached a new peak in the development of ancient Chinese handicrafts, and the south became the most developed manufacturing region in China at the same time. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the scale and technology of the textile industry greatly exceeded that of the Jin State of the same era, and the south became the most developed area of China's silk weaving industry. Moreover, with the promotion of cotton planting, by the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, cotton cloth was more commonly woven in the south of the Yangtze River. The center of porcelain manufacturing moved from the north to the Jiangnan region.

The shipbuilding industry has developed like never before.

3. In terms of commerce, the Southern Song Dynasty relied on nearly 20 first-class ports in the south, as well as famous national commercial metropolises such as Lin'an and Chengdu, to create an ancient Chinese commodity economy.

A new era of development. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the country turned to a commercial economic model based on commercial economy, especially ocean-going, and almost all of them were through the Maritime Silk Road.

From the perspective of overseas, the Southern Song Dynasty opened up a new era of exchanges between the East and the West in ancient China. There are nearly 20 foreign ports, and a large number of port towns have emerged, forming a new pattern of comprehensive opening up on the coastline of more than 10,000 miles in the Southern Song Dynasty. From the perspective of domestic commerce, the Southern Song Dynasty implemented the national policy of "attaching equal importance to agriculture and commerce", and famous national commercial metropolises such as Lin'an and Chengdu appeared and formed a commercial network extending in all directions.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, the country's economic center of gravity was completed by the Yellow River Basin.

The historic transfer to the Yangtze River basin is a major turning point in the development of traditional Chinese society.

The salient feature is the completion of the southward shift of the economic center.

During the Song and Song dynasties, wars were also frequent in the north. After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty regime was settled in the southeastern corner, which led to further economic development in the south. At that time, there was a proverb in the Taihu Lake basin that "the Suhu Lake is ripe, and the world is full", indicating that the agricultural production in the south of the Yangtze River has surpassed that of the north, completely replacing the position of the economic center of gravity in the north.

In the Yuan Dynasty, in order to solve the problem of "transporting grain from the south to the north", it also vigorously set up Cao Yun and opened up an unprecedented scale of shipping, which is enough to show the importance of the southern economy. It can be seen that the Southern Song Dynasty was the final stage of the southward shift of the economic center of gravity in ancient China.

1. The commercial activities of the big cities of the Northern Song Dynasty broke through the boundaries between the city and the square, and the business hours were no longer restricted;

2. Fixed towns appeared in rural bazaars;

3. The guild organization is further developed, and the guild protects and monopolizes the commercial interests of the industry;

4. Due to the development of commodity-money relations, the world's earliest currency Jiaozi appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the promotion of paper money reflected the high development of commerce;

5. There is an entertainment place in the city.

The Song Dynasty (960-1279) was a dynasty in Chinese history that inherited five dynasties and ten kingdoms under the Qiyuan Dynasty, divided into two stages, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, with a total of 18 emperors and 319 years of reign.

The Song Dynasty was an era of high prosperity in China's history in terms of commodity economy, culture, education, and scientific innovation. Some people estimate that China's total GDP in 1000 was 100 million US dollars, accounting for 450 US dollars of the world's total economy, exceeding the 400 US dollars of Western Europe at that time.

During the Song Dynasty, Confucianism was revived, Cheng Zhu Lixue appeared, science and technology developed rapidly, politics was enlightened, and there was no serious eunuch dictatorship and warlord separation, and the number and scale of mutinies and civil unrest were relatively small in Chinese history. Due to the promotion of Champa rice in the Northern Song Dynasty, the population grew rapidly, from 37.1 million in 980 to 126 million in 1124.

In 960, the Later Zhou generals launched the Chenqiao Mutiny, supported the return of Song Prefecture to the German army, made Zhao Kuangyin the emperor, and established the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the chaos of the division of the late Tang Dynasty and the dictatorship of the eunuchs, Zhao Kuangyin adopted the policy of emphasizing literature and suppressing the military, strengthened the centralization of power, and deprived the military generals of their military rights. After Song Taizong succeeded to the throne, he unified the whole country, and Song Zhenzong gradually entered into the ruling world after concluding the alliance with Liao.

In 1125, the Jin State invaded the south, resulting in the disgrace of Jingkang and the destruction of the Northern Song Dynasty. King Kang Zhao Gou ascended the throne in Yingtianfu in Nanjing and established the Southern Song Dynasty. After the peace conference of Shaoxing and the Jin State with the Qinling-Huai River as the boundary, in 1234 the Union and Mongolia destroyed the Jin, in 1235 the Song and Yuan Wars broke out, in 1276 the Yuan Dynasty captured Lin'an, after the Battle of Yashan, the Southern Song Dynasty perished.

1. Agriculture:

In the Song Dynasty, water conservancy was greatly developed, a large area was cultivated, and attention was paid to the improvement of agricultural tools, and agriculture developed rapidly. Agriculture in the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin has developed rapidly. Some northern crops such as millet, wheat, millet and beans came to the south.

Cotton is prevalent in Fujian and Guangzhou. Tea is all over the present Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and other places.

The number of areas where mulberry and silkworm and hemp are cultivated is also increasing. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the rice output in the Taihu Lake area ranked first in the country, especially represented by Pingjiang Prefecture (now Suzhou), which was known as "Suhu is ripe, the world is full" (referring to Suzhou and Huzhou) or "Su Changshu, the world is full" (referring to Suzhou and Changzhou).

2. Handicrafts:

1. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Leizhou Peninsula area of Guangdong and the southern part of Guangxi became the center of the cotton textile industry. The silk weaving industry in Zhejiang and Sichuan and Shu is the most developed. The Song Dynasty also set up brocade institutes in the most developed areas of the silk weaving industry, that is, government-run silk weaving workshops.

The related printing and dyeing industry has also developed as a result.

2. The official kilns and private kilns of the Song Dynasty spread all over the country. From time to time, there are seven famous porcelain kilns such as Quyang Ding kiln in Hebei, Ruzhou Ru kiln in Henan, Jun kiln in Yuzhou, Kaifeng official kiln, Longquan brother kiln in Zhejiang, Jingde kiln in Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, Jianyang kiln in Fujian, and many large and small porcelain kilns distributed in various places.

The Song porcelain produced was exported to overseas through the Maritime Silk Road, such as Japan, Goryeo, Nanyang, India, Central and Western Asia and other regions. The porcelain of the Northern Song Dynasty, both in terms of output and production technology, has been greatly improved compared with the previous generation.

3. The shipbuilding industry ranks first in the world, and the shipbuilding industry in Guangzhou and Quanzhou is developed.

3. Commerce: During the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan and was regarded as the earliest paper money. As a result of the policy of non-inhibition and annexation in agriculture, the labor force of the whole society is sufficient, and industry and commerce have developed rapidly, and the industrial and commercial tax accounts for 70% of the total tax revenue.

The southward shift of the ancient economic center of gravity began in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the event was the Anshi Rebellion, which was completed in the Southern Song Dynasty.

The economic center of gravity shifted southward, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties began to move south, and the Southern Song Dynasty completed the southward shift, and the economic center moved from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, of which the Taihu Lake basin became the most economically developed place in the south of the Yangtze River

Performance: 1. Agriculture.

1) Farmland water conservancy development.

2) With the introduction of the excellent rice variety Champong rice (originated in Vietnam), rice yield jumped to the first place in grain production, and (3) advanced production technology and tools (Yangma).

2. Handicrafts.

1) Metal smelting: iron, copper and other metal smelting technology has reached the highest level in the world (2) Mining industry: the mining volume of coal ranks first in the world.

3) Porcelain industry: porcelain sells well all over the world, and China is known as the "country of porcelain".

3. Business. 1) The emergence of towns.

2) The prosperity of the city.

3) The advent of paper money.

4. Overseas**.

1) The emergence of "Fanshi", "Fanfang" and "Fanxue".

2) The emergence of the city shipping agency.

3) Wide range of overseas **.

4) The emergence of foreign trade ports.

Reasons for the economic development of Jiangnan:

1) The northerners moved south, bringing with them advanced production technology, production tools and a large number of laborers (2) ** to encourage agricultural production.

3) Jiangnan is relatively stable and has fewer wars.

4) Jiangnan has a superior natural environment.

There is a history book in the second volume of the seventh grade, and I have memorized it!

1. Agriculture: During the Song Dynasty, water conservancy was greatly developed, a large area was cultivated, and attention was paid to the improvement of agricultural tools, and agriculture developed rapidly. New types of fields such as terraced fields, sand fields, and silt fields all appeared in the Song Dynasty, which greatly increased the cultivated area of the Song Dynasty. Agriculture in the Yangtze River valley and the Pearl River basin has developed rapidly, crops such as millet, wheat, and millet from the north have come to the south, cotton and tea cultivation has become prevalent, and the number of areas growing mulberry and silkworms and hemp is also increasing.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, the rice output in the Taihu Lake area ranked first in the country, represented by the Taiping Mansion, and was known as "Suhu is ripe, and the world is full".

2. Handicrafts: During the Song Dynasty, the mineral deposits were abundant, the silk, linen, wool textile industry was developed, the papermaking materials were abundant, the printing industry was developed, and the engraved books of the Song Dynasty were famous for their excellent paper and ink, sparse layout, mellow fonts, and rare handwriting. Moreover, the shipbuilding industry in the Song Dynasty was developed, and the shipbuilding technology level of the Song Dynasty was the highest in the world at that time.

3. Commerce: The Song Dynasty was prosperous in commerce, and the "Jiaozi" in Chengdu was the earliest paper money in the world, and the Song Dynasty had sufficient labor and rapid industrial development, and the industrial and commercial tax revenue accounted for 70% of the total tax revenue of the Song Dynasty, becoming the main body of the Song Dynasty's tax revenue.

The southward shift of China's ancient economic center began in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and was completed in the Southern Song Dynasty.

It began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was completed in the Two Song Dynasty.

1. The development of commodity production in the Song Dynasty was first of all the commercialization of agricultural products, such as tea and sugar, and secondly, the handicraft industry of various raw material production, such as pit and metallurgy, which greatly expanded the scale. The handicraft industry of daily necessities is also generally developed, such as pastries, clothes and hats, household sundries, etc. 2. In the handicraft industry of the Song Dynasty, the official handicraft industry still has a very important position.

The official handicraft industry organization in the Song Dynasty was larger than that of the Tang Dynasty, and the labor force of the official handicraft industry in the Song Dynasty was mostly recruited through the so-called "regimental association" (that is, the organization of guilds), paid remuneration, and the labor service system was generally implemented. This means a further emancipation of the labor force. 3. The world's earliest paper money (Jiaozi) appeared in Chengdu in the Northern Song Dynasty 4. Due to the further development of the commodity economy, the city began to develop, and the interference and control of commercial activities by the Northern Song Dynasty government decreased.

The boundaries between residential and commercial areas are gradually disappearing, and night markets are beginning to appear. The Bianliang depicted in Tokyo Menghualu is a representative of the Northern Song Dynasty. There are many very prosperous streets in Bianliang, and there are big shops on the street with "majestic houses, vast stores, and tens of millions of dollars in every transaction", and there are Xiao Market, night markets, restaurants, restaurants, stalls, hawkers and regular temple fairs.

Natural factors: Song Dynasty qi.

Bai Waiting.

changes to make the South more suitable for agriculture.

Zhi development. Same.

Due to the early economic development in the north, soil erosion was serious, and human activities caused serious damage to the natural environment, and the environment deteriorated, affecting agricultural production. However, the economic development of the south since the Three Kingdoms period has laid a certain foundation for economic development, and the natural environment has been well maintained, thus providing favorable natural conditions for the economic development of the south.

Political factors: First, most of the territory ruled by the two Song Dynasty was in the south, and the political center of the Southern Song Dynasty was moved to the south, which promoted the continued economic development of the south to a certain extent; Second, since the end of the Tang Dynasty, wars have been frequent in the north, while the south has been relatively stable, providing a relatively stable social environment for economic development; Third, during the Song and Song dynasties, the struggle of the people of the Central Plains against the plundering of the northern minority nobles prevented the northern minority nobles from going south, saving the south from the scourge of war; Fourth, the rulers attached importance to economic development and adopted some policies conducive to economic development, thus promoting the economic development of the south.

Economic factors: There are still many wars in the north, while the social order in the south is relatively stable, and the people of the north have moved south in large numbers, providing a large number of labor force for the economic development of the south, so that the natural resources of the south can continue to be developed and utilized, and the social and economic order will develop, so as to eventually surpass the south, and the national economic center of gravity has shifted to the south.

1. The southward shift of the political center led to the southward movement of the economic and economic centers, bringing a large amount of labor power, technology, and production experience.

2. The natural environment in the south is relatively good, and there are many wars in the north.

3. The Song Dynasty developed overseas, which further promoted the development of the commodity economy.

4 The rulers pursued a more enlightened economic policy and relaxed restrictions on commerce.

4. The hard work of working people.