Ask a historian for help. How do historians view history?

The Liao State was founded by the Khitans. The Khitan were an ancient ethnic minority that probably appeared in the Liao River valley during the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Khitan rose to control the northeast and the Mongolian plateau.

In order to become emperor, the famous emperor Shi Jingjiao ceded the border areas along the eastern section of the Great Wall (including Beijing) to the Khitan, and was supported by the Khitan to establish the Later Jin Dynasty after the fall of the Tang Dynasty. Probably during this period, the Khitan changed its name to Liao. The Liao (Khitan) also became the main frontier of northern China for hundreds of years because of its control of the Great Wall.

Until the beginning of the 12th century, when the Jurchens rose and the Khitans were destroyed by the Jurchens, some Khitans fled to Xinjiang, annexed the local Uighur regime, and established Western Liao. However, the ancestors of the Hui were not Khitans but Uighurs, and because the population of the Khitans migrating westward was too small, they were eventually assimilated by the Uighurs and no longer existed as a separate ethnic group. By the 13th century, when the Mongols destroyed the Jin state established by the Jurchens, the Jurchens, Khitans and Han Chinese living in the Central Plains under Mongol rule were all regarded as Han Chinese, and the Khitans ceased to exist as an independent ethnic group and became part of the Han people.

It was the Jurchens who founded the Jin State, and the history of the Jurchens can be traced back to the Donghu during the Qin and Han dynasties. The more reliable records are in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, the Jurchen was called the Jurchen.

Its high level of Chinese was known as the Su Mo Kuo, and the Bohai State it established ruled northeast for hundreds of years until it was destroyed by the Khitan at the end of the Tang Dynasty. The less civilized ones were called the Heishui Jar, and the Liao Dynasty was called the Jurchen. At the end of the Liao Dynasty, the Jurchens rebelled against Khitan rule and united with the Northern Song Dynasty to destroy the Liao.

After that, the Jurchens established the Jin state and destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, ruling the region north of the Huai River. In 1234, the Mongols destroyed the Jin Kingdom, and both the Jurchens and the Khitans were classified as Han Chinese and no longer existed as separate ethnic groups. However, there were still some Jurchens who lived in the undeveloped northeast region at that time, so they were not classified as Han and survived until the Ming Dynasty.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens were divided into three divisions, including the Jianzhou Jurchens, among which Nurhachi rebelled against the Ming during the Wanli period, and established the Houjin in 1616. After Nurhachi's death, he was succeeded by his son Emperor Taiji. Presumably in order to bridge the historical contradictions between the Mongols and the Jurchens and even the Han Chinese, Huang Taiji changed the Jurchen to the Manchus and the Later Jin to the Qing.

In addition, it is worth mentioning that the Khitan and Jurchen scripts, which were created in the Liao and Jin dynasties, respectively, have now become dead scripts. The Manchu script created in the Qing Dynasty was already very different from the Jurchen script.

Hello. The Jurchens evolved into today's Manchus, and the Khitans merged into the Han after the Yuan Dynasty. So now it's gone.

The Khitan people are a branch of the Xianbei tribe, and at the end of the Tang Dynasty, they began to settle in farming, and later established the Khitan State, which was changed to Liao, opposed to the Northern Song Dynasty, and was later destroyed by Jin.

The Jurchen people developed into the Jurchen people in the fifth dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin Kingdom was established, and it was destroyed by the Mongols in 1234. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Jianzhou Jurchen Department in Liaodong became strong, and in 1616, the Later Jin was established. Huang Taiji called the emperor, changed the clan to Manchuria, and changed the country to the Qing Dynasty.

The Jurchens are now called Manchus, and most of the Khitans have moved westward, not in China.

Jin belongs to the Jurchen tribe, and Liao belongs to the Khitan tribe. Later, the Jurchen Nurhachi established the Later Jin, and the Emperor Taiji was changed to the Qing Dynasty, and the Jurchen was the later Manchu. Many ethnic minorities have integrated into the Han Chinese nation.

The Jurchen and Khitan are both very ancient ethnic groups, the Jurchen are the ancestors of the Manchus, and the Khitan are the ancestors of the Hui. So there are no two ethnic groups in China now.

Historians are professionals who study history, and they collect historical materials, documents, and archaeological data from Paichun to learn about the development and changes of human society, politics, economy, and culture in the past. The attitude and approach of historians towards history are as follows:

1.Look at history with an objective attitude.

When studying history, historians should look at historical events and people with an objective attitude, not be affected by personal emotions and values, and restore the historical truth as much as possible.

2.Pursue authenticity and accuracy.

When studying history, historians pursue authenticity and accuracy, collect and use all kinds of historical materials, documents and archaeological materials as much as possible, and conduct comprehensive and systematic analysis and research on historical events and figures.

3.Maintain the integrity and continuity of history.

When studying history, historians pay attention to maintaining the integrity and continuity of history, placing historical events and people in the historical background in which they live, and the causes and effects of their development and changes.

4.Valuing historical value and significance.

When studying history, historians not only pay attention to the facts and accuracy of history, but also pay attention to the value and significance of history, the influence and enlightenment of historical events and figures on contemporary society and culture.

Historians view history with an objective attitude, pursue authenticity and accuracy, maintain the integrity and continuity of history, and attach importance to historical value and significance, which provides us with important reference and enlightenment for understanding history and self-understanding.

Historians also pay attention to the division and classification of history, and divide and summarize history according to different dimensions such as time, region, and theme, so as to better understand and study history. At the same time, historians also pay attention to historical comparisons and contrasts, comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences between different historical periods, different regions and cultures, so as to better understand the diversity and complexity of history.

Historians study history with a scientific attitude and methods, and through their in-depth research and analysis of historical events and figures, they provide us with a more comprehensive, accurate, and objective understanding of history, and provide important references and references for the development of society and culture.

Historians are professional scholars who study history by collecting historical materials and materials, and analyzing factors in different dimensions such as historical events, changes, institutions, society, and culture, and conduct in-depth research on history from multiple perspectives. Theoretically, the historian's research should be insightful, neutral, comprehensive, and truthful.

Historians generally do not have a fixed position or point of view on history. They believe that history is generated through a process of constructing, supplementing, and revising manuscripts, and that different historical perspectives and interpretations are sometimes similar to each other and sometimes different. The task of the historian is to take an objective attitude to the true causes and significance of historical events and phenomena, to help people better understand history, and to provide a reference for the real world.

Historians believe that through the study of history, it can help people better understand the real world, find its internal laws and universality from historical events, understand the development process and future trend of human society, and contribute to human society and the future.

Summary. The biggest problem in ancient history books is that there is no information, and all historical materials are either lost due to war, or they cannot be understood when they are found. So in that era, writing books was inherently extremely high.

But since the Zhou Dynasty, the Sima family has been a historian and astronomer for generations. With the prerequisites for the accumulation of this generation from generation to generation, it is probably in the generation of Sima Tan and Sima Qian's father and son that they can confidently propose to sort out thousands of years of Chinese history.

What are the difficulties when historians write history?

The biggest problem in ancient history books is that there is no information, and all the historical materials are either lost due to the war, or Morizhen cannot be understood even if they are found. Therefore, in that era, writing books was born with a very high threshold. But since the Zhou Dynasty, the Sima family has been a historian and astronomer for generations.

With the prerequisites accumulated from generation to generation, it is probably in the generation of Sima Tan and Sima Xiang's father and son that they can confidently propose to sort out thousands of years of Chinese history.

What is the greatest difficulty for modern historians when writing history?

Coincidentally, Peking University Press published two books this year: one is Lin Hunt's Why is History Important? 》；Another of the more specialized is Arnaldo Momigliano's Studies in History.

Arnaldo Momigliano is a very famous encyclopedic historian in Italy, and the most distinctive feature of "Historical Studies" is that through the study and analysis of the West, not only Europe, but also a wider range of fields, such as Persian historiography, ancient Jewish historiography, etc., to the changes in the history of historiography and its representatives since the 20th century, the changes in the history of historiography and its representatives, to outline the changes in history as a discipline and its characteristics and the changes in basic methods. Therefore, the history of historiography is actually a means to understand the evolution and development process of historiography itself. Duan Bu.

What are the difficulties when historians write history?

Hello, historians encounter a lot of difficulties when writing history, for example, there are these difficulties. 1.Historians are likely to encounter some histories that are not recorded in history books, but are only hearsay.

Then we need to verify it at this time, because we can't learn rumors. 2.When historians write history, there are very few people who can stick to it.

They write history very boring. Moreover, it is necessary to keep checking all kinds of evidence to prove this matter, and over time, there are few great historians who can really be like Sima Qian. 3.

The most important thing is that there is a huge force to support it. In ancient times, a dynasty was needed to support it in order to complete this history. Yan Chong: Of course, our country also needs to vigorously support the writing of history books.

The key to writing history books is to be true, and this requirement is very strict. These are difficult.

1, Qian Mu. Qian Mu (July 30, 1895 - August 30, 1990), the name Binsi, pen names Gongsha, Liang Yin, and Forget, Guyun, the late number of Sushu Old Man, Qifangqiao people, Zhai Sushutang, Sushulou. A native of Wuxi, Jiangsu, after Wu Yue Taizu and King Qian Biao of Wusu.

He is a famous historian, thinker, and educator in modern China, an academician of the ** Research Institute, and a distinguished researcher of the Palace Museum. The Chinese academic community respects him as the "grandmaster of the generation", and some scholars call him the last scholar and master of Chinese culture in China, and is known as the "Four Masters of Historiography" along with Lu Simian, Chen Yuan, and Chen Yinke.

Details] 2, Chen Yinke.

Chen Yinke (, the word Heshou, was born in Changsha, Hunan. A modern Chinese historian, classical literature researcher, linguist, and poet who is rarely seen in a century, together with Ye Qisun, Pan Guangdan, and Mei Yiqi, is listed as one of the four great philosophers in the century-old history of Tsinghua University, and is known as the "Four Masters of Predecessor Historiography" together with Lu Simian, Chen Yuan, and Qian Mu. He is the author of "A Brief Treatise on the Origin of the Sui and Tang Dynasties", "A Treatise on the Political History of the Tang Dynasty", "Manuscript of Yuanbai Poems", "Manuscript of Jinming Pavilion", "Farewell Biography of Liu Sen Holding Town", "Dream of Hanliutang", etc.

Details] 3, Sima Qian.

Sima Qian (145 BC - not available), a native of Xiayang (now Hanchengnan, Shaanxi). Historian and essayist of the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Tan's son, Ren Taishi Ling, was punished by the palace for defending Li Ling's defeat, and later served as Zhongshu Ling.

He continued to complete the historical books he wrote, and was honored by later generations as Shi Qian, Taishi Gong, and the father of history. With his historical knowledge of "studying the coarseness of heaven and man, through the changes of the past and the present, and becoming the words of a family", he created China's first general history of the history "Historical Records" (formerly known as "Taishi Gongshu"). Recognized as a model of Chinese history books, the book records the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary Yellow Emperor period to the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is the first of the "Twenty-five History", which is praised by Lu Xun as "the swan song of the historian, the rhyme of the separation".

Details] 4, Zuo Qiu Ming.

Zuo Qiu Ming (about 502 BC - about 422 BC) was a monarch, surnamed Qiu, Mingming, because his father served as the historian of Zuo, so he was called Zuo Qiu Ming (and about Zuo Qiu Ming's name, for a long time, due to the very limited records of Zuo Qiu Ming, the author of Zuo Qiu Ming in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasty documents, scholars of all dynasties have debated and discussed the issue of Zuo Qiu Ming's character name. Zuo Qiu Ming is the founder of traditional Chinese historiography. Historiography recommended Zuo Qiu Ming as the founder of Chinese historiography.

It is known as "the ancestor of a hundred schools of writing and the ancestor of ancient texts". Zuo Qiu Ming's thought was Confucianism, which reflected the interests and demands of the people more at that time.

Details] 5, Bangu.

Ban Gu (32 A.D. - 92 A.D.), the name Meng Jian, a native of Fufeng Anling (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi), was a famous historian and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ban Gu wrote a lot in his life. As a historian, the Book of Han is another important historical book of ancient China after the Records of the Historians, one of the "First Four History"; As a writer of Fu, Ban Gu is one of the "Four Masters of Han Fu", and "Liangdu Fu" created an example of Kyoto Fu, which was included in the first article of "Anthology"; At the same time, Bangu was also a theorist of scripture, which he edited.

1, Miscellaneous Drama 2, Social Case Drama 3, The Legend of Yingying 4, Nanqu Opera 5, Real Social Life 6, Jin Shengxian 7, Ming Feng Ji 8, Wujiang School 9, Nan Ke Ji 10, "Rulin Gaiden".