The impact of the opening of new shipping routes on China

Originally, there were three routes from the East to the West: one by land, from Central Asia along the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea to Asia Minor; Two sea routes, i.e. sea route into the Persian Gulf, then through the two river basins to Syria on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, or by sea to the Red Sea, and then by land to Alexandria, Egypt. After the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the middle of the fifteenth century, it occupied the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, and soon occupied the Crimea, controlling the traditional trade routes between the East and the West. Merchants and the bourgeoisie were anxious to bypass the eastern Mediterranean and open another shipping route to India and China, where they could obtain a large number of luxury goods directly from Asia.

At the end of the 15th century, the extensive development of the commodity economy and the continuous expansion of exchange in Western European countries made ** the most important means of payment in commodities**, and the ** of Eastern countries became the dream of Western Europeans.

However, at this time, the Ottoman Empire controlled the main road between the east and the west, blocking the traditional trade routes of Western European countries to the East; The aristocrats and new merchants of Western Europe, who were in a fervent pursuit of Oriental wealth (**, jewelry, spices, silk, etc.), were desperate to find a direct sea route to India and China.

Portugal and Spain, located in southwestern Europe and bordering the Atlantic Ocean, became the starting places for opening up new shipping routes because they had started overseas adventures and colonization activities earlier, mastered more advanced seafaring knowledge and shipbuilding technology, and possessed certain financial resources.

In general, the direct reasons for the opening of new shipping routes are: the pursuit of wealth and profit; The fundamental reason is: the development of the commodity economy.

Impact: The opening of new shipping routes changed the economic life of Europe, and since then the European market has expanded to the world, and the variety of goods in circulation has increased.

The opening of new shipping routes changed the center of Europe, and the main trade routes shifted from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast, which promoted the development of the Italian economy, which is also one of the reasons why the germ of European capitalism first appeared in Italy. At the same time, it also made the trade and economy of Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and other countries prosperous.

The opening of new shipping routes enabled European countries to join the ranks of colonization, and the colonizers of Western Europe wantonly plundered wealth from the colonies, and European countries quickly became rich, forming a new bourgeoisie, which accelerated the disintegration of the European feudal system and the germination and development of capitalist production relations.

It promoted overseas expansion and the initial formation of the world market, and promoted the original accumulation of capital. At the same time, it broke the closed and isolated state of the world and linked the old continent and the new continent, and took a crucial step in the history of the world from dispersion to wholeness.

The introduction of high-yielding crops to China has contributed to population growth and agricultural development; ** A large inflow has become a common currency held by the car, which has promoted the development of China's commodity economy; China began to be invaded by Western colonies (e.g., Portugal occupied Macao, the Dutch occupied Taiwan); Modern science and thought from the West were introduced to China (or Western learning spread eastward).

1) After the opening of new shipping routes, exchanges from Europe to Asia, the Americas and Africa became increasingly close, and the world began to be dismantled and connected as a whole.

2) The ** center of Europe has shifted from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast, which has promoted the emergence and development of capitalism.

3) Europe embarked on the road of colonial expansion, resulting in poverty and backwardness in Asian, African and Latin American countries and regions.

The meaning is; It connected the world as a whole, formed the Atlantic Triangle with European industrial countries as the core, caused the Feiqiao Yutuanzhou to lose thousands of working people, made the Americas become the production base of Europe, and laid the foundation for the initial formation of the world market.

I'm simple. There are two effects: positive and negative.

Positive (1) The discovery of the New World unites the world as a whole.

2) Promoted the commodity economy and opened up the world market. (Europe became the center of the world economy) (3) provided European capitalism with abundant capital and a market in short supply, for.

The foundations of the Industrial Revolution in Europe were laid.

Negative (1) The opening of new shipping routes has brought about a centuries-long triangle of Europe, America and Africa.

The human rights of black Africans and indigenous people in the Americas have been brutally trampled on.

2) At the same time as the triangular ** was going on, the European powers also began naval wars and colonization.

Activity. The sovereignty of other countries has been seriously undermined. Becoming a puppet of the European powers, (3) a large amount of frenzied plundering of resources, so that the balance of nature has also been seriously damaged.