What is Dialectical Thinking What are the methods of dialectical thinking

The dialectical method of thinking includes induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concreteness, and the unity of logic and history.

The methods shared by formal logic and dialectical logic are inductive and deductive, analytic and synthetic.

The unique method of dialectical thinking is the unity of abstraction and concreteness, logic and history.

The first and most basic method of thinking is induction and deduction.

Abstraction and concrete abstraction is a generalization or regulation of the essence of an objective thing. Thinking concrete or rational concrete is a synthesis formed on the basis of abstraction, it is different from perceptual concrete, people's understanding of things goes through the process from (perceptual) concrete to abstract and from abstract to (rational) concrete, for dialectical thinking, it is important to rise from abstract to concrete.

History and logic are unified. The process of rising from the abstract to the concrete is also the process of reproducing the historical development of the object with logical inevitability, and the unity of logic and history is the internal requirement of rising from the abstract to the concrete.

Logic is rational thinking or abstract thinking, which reflects the regularity of objective things in the form of theories.

History has two meanings:

The first refers to the historical development process of objective reality, and the second refers to the historical development process of human understanding. History is the basis and content of logic, and logic is the theoretical reproduction of history, which is the "revised" history.

From a philosophical point of view, to look at problems dialectically is to look at problems from the viewpoint of connection, to look at problems from the viewpoint of development, to look at problems from the viewpoint of contradictions, and to analyze problems from the viewpoint of internal and external factors.

Because things have two sides, the development and change of things are caused by the movement of contradictions, and contradictions refer to the relations contained in things themselves that are both mutually exclusive and interdependent, both opposing and unified. Marxism holds that everything exists as a unity of contradictions, and contradictions are the source and driving force for the development of things.

Dialectical thinking is thinking that reflects and conforms to the dialectical development process of objective things and its regularity. A certain degree of understanding and application of objective dialectics and the dialectics of the first process of understanding. Dialectical thinking is characterized by an examination of the movement of the object in its internal contradictions, in terms of the interconnectedness of its aspects, in order to know the object as a whole and in essence and completely.

Dialectical thinking uses logical categories and their systems to grasp concrete truths. Dialectical thinking is different from both metaphysical thinking, which sees objects as static and isolated, and from formal logical thinking, which sees the form of thought as a famed difference and a definite circle. It is the object of the study of dialectical logic.

The historical development of human dialectical thinking has gone through a process from spontaneous to conscious. [1]

Chinese name. Critical thinking.

Form. Concepts, judgments, and reasoning.

Parenchyma. Reflection of objective dialectics.

Type. Theory.

"Dialectical thinking" refers to the way of thinking that perceives things from the perspective of change and development, and is often considered to be a way of thinking that is opposed to logical thinking. In logical thinking, things are generally "either/or" and "either true or false", while in dialectical thinking, things can be "either/or" and "true and false" at the same time without hindering the normal progress of thinking activities.

Dialectical thinking refers to a worldview. All things in the world are interconnected and influence each other, and dialectical thinking is a kind of thinking that is based on the objective connection between all things in the world, and further understanding and perception of the world, and feeling the relationship between man and nature in the process of thinking, and then getting a certain conclusion. The dialectical mindset requires that when observing and analyzing problems, we need to look at problems from a dynamic perspective.

Dialectical describes a comprehensive vision of the problem. It refers to the correct reflection of people's dialectical development process of objective things through concepts, judgments, reasoning and other forms of thinking, that is, the reflection of objective dialectics. The most basic characteristic of dialectical thinking is to examine the object as a whole from its internal contradictory movements, changes and interconnections in various aspects, in order to understand the object systematically and completely in essence.

Dialectical thinking refers to the way of thinking that understands things from the perspective of change and development, and is usually regarded as a way of thinking that is opposed to logical thinking. In logical thinking, things are generally "trapped in either/or" and "true or false", while in dialectical thinking, things can be "either/or" and "true and false" at the same time without hindering the normal progress of thinking activities.

Dialectical thinking includes: inductive deduction, analytical synthesis, abstract concrete, logical history.

1. Inductive deduction:

Induction and deduction are the first and most basic methods of thinking. Induction is the method of rising from the individual to the general, that is, generalizing general principles from individual facts. Deduction is the method of moving from the general to the individual, that is, deducing individual conclusions from general principles.

The objective basis of induction and deduction is the inherent individuality and commonality, the particularity and the universal relationship of the thing itself.

2. Analysis and synthesis:

This is a way of thinking that grasps the essence of things more deeply. Analysis is to decompose the object of knowledge into different components, aspects, characteristics, etc. in the process of thinking, study them separately, understand all aspects of things, and find out the essence of things from them; Synthesis is to form a whole of different parts and aspects according to their objective order and structure, so as to achieve the whole of understanding things. The objective basis of analysis and synthesis is the relationship between the whole and the parts, the system and the elements.

3. Abstract concreteness

Abstraction and concreteness are advanced forms of dialectical thinking. Abstraction is a generalization or regulation of the essence of an objective thing; Thinking concrete or rational concrete is a synthesis formed on the basis of abstraction, which is different from perceptual concrete, which is only the concrete directly felt by the senses, while rational concrete is based on perceptual concreteness through thinking analysis and synthesis to achieve a grasp of the multifaceted attributes or essence of things.

4. Logical History:

The consistency of logic and history is a fundamental principle of dialectical thinking. The logical thinking process from the abstract to the concrete should be consistent with the historical process of objective things and the historical process of cognition, that is, the unity of logic and history. Logic refers to rational thinking or abstract thinking, which reflects the regularity of objective things in the form of theories.

History is the basis and content of logical rhyme, and logic is the theoretical reproduction of history.

1. Dichotomy.

2. Contradictory law. The law of contradiction is to start from the fundamental relationship between the two parts (or two aspects) within the research object, and deeply analyze, investigate and reveal the contradictory nature and contradictory relationship between the two sides, as well as the relationship and mode of opposition and unity between the contradictions that are interdependent, mutually struggling, mutually restrictive and mutually transformative.

3. Process method. The so-called process is the expression of the continuity of the development and change of things in time and space. Due to the contradictory movement of things, their development is successive in time and continuous in space, forming a process of development and change.

4. Contact Law. By connection, we mean universal connection. The so-called universal connection means that everything in the world is interdependent, mutually influencing, and mutually restricting and interacting.

Everything is not only interconnected and interacting with the things around it, but also the various elements and parts within it are always interconnected and interacting. This is objective and does not depend on human will.

5. Practical method. The practice method is also known as the subjective and objective active unity method, that is, the conclusions of the ideological and cognitive achievements formed in the study of the previous four steps of the method are put back into social practice.

In the course of investigation, examination, revision, and redevelopment, we can complete the organic unity of subjectivity and objectivity in the active practice activities, and develop the truth.

1.Induction and deduction.

Induction: from individual to general. That is, to generalize the principles from the individual.

Deduction: From the general to the individual approach. That is, to deduce individual conclusions from general principles.

Relationships: Individuality and commonality; Exceptional and universal. Induction and deduction are two ways of thinking that go in opposite directions, and they are interdependent, interpenetrating, and mutually reinforcing.

Induction is the basis of deduction, and the general principles that are deductive are often inductive;

Deduction is the premise of induction, which provides theoretical guidance for induction.

Although induction can summarize the commonality of similar things, it cannot distinguish between essential and non-essential attributes, so the conclusion is not very reliable and should be supplemented by deduction.

The premise on which deduction is based is the commonality of things, but commonality only roughly includes individuality, and individuality cannot fully enter the commonality, and the multifaceted attributes of individuality cannot be revealed from the commonality, so it can be seen that both induction and deduction have limitations.

2.Analysis and synthesis.

Analysis: In the process of thinking, the objects of knowledge are divided into different components, aspects, characteristics, etc., and they are studied separately, so as to understand all aspects of things, and find out the basis and essence from them.

Synthesis: The different parts and aspects that are decomposed form a whole in an objective order, so as to achieve an understanding of the whole of things.

Relationship: The relationship between the whole and the parts, the system and the elements. Analysis and synthesis are two opposite ways of thinking, which are interconnected, transformed, and mutually reinforcing.

Analysis is the basis of synthesis, and there is no synthesis without analysis. Synthesis is the result of analysis, and there can be no scientific analysis without synthesis.

3.Abstract and concrete.

It is an advanced form of dialectical thinking.

Abstraction: A generalization or stipulation of the essence of an objective thing.

Concrete is divided into perceptual concrete and rational concrete.

Perceptual concrete: the concreteness directly felt by the sensory organs.

Rational concrete: On the basis of perceptual concreteness, through the analysis and synthesis of thinking, to achieve a grasp of the multi-faceted attributes or essence of things.

The process of cognition: perceptual concrete-abstract-rational concrete. The most important thing is abstraction—rationality and concreteness. Taking abstraction as the logical starting point, through various logical intermediaries, the operation process with thinking (rational) concrete as the logical end point is reached.

4.Logic and History.

Logic: Rational thinking or abstract thinking. It reflects the regularity of objective things in the form of theory.

History: has two meanings:

1. The historical development process of objective reality.

2. The historical development process of human understanding.

True scientific understanding is a reflection of the development of real history, and requires that the logic of thinking be consistent with the course of history.

Relationship: History is the basis and content of logic, and logic is the theoretical reproduction of history.

The dialectical thinking method has penetrated into the research of modern science and technology, and it is difficult to move forward without the dialectical thinking method.

The dialectical thinking method is a necessary tool to realize the transformation of empirical knowledge into scientific theories, and it is a necessary bridge to communicate interdisciplinary research.

The dialectical thinking method provides theoretical support and motivation for scientific innovation.

The rapid development of modern science and technology has made the combination of philosophical thinking and scientific thinking increasingly important.

The dialectical thinking method, also known as the dialectical analysis method, is the dialectical method, which is a scientific method for thinking and analyzing according to the dialectical nature of objective things themselves. Dialectics regards all kinds of things and phenomena in the objective world as universally connected and eternally changing, and regards the development and change of the world as the result of the development and change of various contradictions inherent in itself.

Dialectical ways of thinking include: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concreteness, and the unity of logic and history.