First aid historical Athens, what are the basic characteristics of democracy in historical Athens?

The era they live in is a feudal system, and they must have the same idea. Analysis, comparison, evaluation, not to mention, everyone thinks about problems from different angles and methods, but they all show machismo, and the admiration for intellectual workers, which can also be said to be the admiration for knowledge, and I understand it this way. This kind of thinking of theirs must reflect a trend in the development of human society, which is what I just said.

But with the passage of time, the essence of these ideas will definitely be retained, and the dross behind the building will definitely be eliminated. However, it doesn't have to be. For example, I'm a machismo ...

Basic features of the Athenian democracy 1Basic features: popular sovereignty and rotation of popular sovereignty:

Power is not in the hands of a few, but in the hands of the many"That is, the power to govern the state of Athens was in the hands of all citizens. Turn: Yes"Take turns ruling and being ruled"The basic principle is the principle of equality, and every citizen can be a ruler or a ruled.

Manifestations of Athenian DemocracyCitizens' Assembly: (The permanent body is.)"Meeting of 400 people") is the highest authority responsible for deliberating and deciding on all major state affairs, even personal matters

Council of 500 Members: Responsible for preparing proposals for the General Assembly and presiding over the General AssemblyJury Court:

It is a daily judicial organ that follows the principle of maintaining fairness to the greatest extent and avoiding the occurrence of bribery and fraudCommittee of Ten Generals:

Elected by the citizens' assembly, they command the army and participate in politics. They take turns to command the army, and the chief general is in charge of the military and political power"Committee of Ten Generals:"The highest judicial body"Jury Court:"A permanent body of the Citizens' Assembly, which deals with day-to-day business during intersessional periods"Meeting of 500 people"The highest authority"Citizens' Assembly"

1.Direct Democracy.

2.Sovereignty rests with the people, and it is ruled in turns.

The Athenian democracy pursued the ideal of the participation of all citizens and the fact that all citizens were rulers. Citizens collectively hold the supreme power of the state; There is relative equality within the collective of citizens. Such as:

All adult male citizens could hold almost all official positions, and they could participate in the citizens' assembly to discuss the important affairs of the city-state. In order to encourage and ensure the active participation of all citizens, especially those of lower ranks, a system of "public service allowances" has been established, whereby the State pays salaries and allowances to citizens who hold public office and participate in the political activities of the city-state. Satisfied.

The basic characteristics of the Athenian democracy are: the sovereignty of the people and the rule of turns.

The Athenian democracy was a city-state, suitable for a small city-centered state with a small number of people, and it was close to a direct democracy (it had a civic duke with almost the participation of the people), and there was no democratic party system. However, the modern Western democratic system is a kind of representative system, with political parties, which is a kind of representative system, which can be applied to various types of countries.

The Athenian democracy was actually based on a collectivist electoral system, while the modern Western democracy was based on individualism and social contract theory.

The basis of modern democracy in the West is civil society, while the basis of Athenian democracy is the aristocratic society of slavery. Modern Western democracies have a separation of powers, but the Athenian democracy does not have this concept.

Modern Western democracies are based on the rule of law, and the historical source of this tradition is Rome. And this is the idea that there is no rule of law in the Athenian democracy, although it also has laws.

Features: All citizens participate in politics; All citizens are the rulers and collectively hold the supreme power of the state; equality within the collective of citizens; The law reigns supreme.

Substance: Built on the basis of slavery, it is a democracy for the minority.

Progressiveness: (1) Greece has made great achievements in many cultural fields (2) The democratic politics of ancient Greece also had a profound impact on later generations, and the theory and practice of democracy provided the ideological foundation for the later European and American bourgeoisie.

3) It is a wonderful flower in the treasure house of Western and world civilization, and the cradle of Western civilization.

Limitations: (1) From the perspective of the scope and substance of democracy:

The only people who can really enjoy democracy are a few adult males; Its essence is based on slavery, and the people who can really enjoy democracy are only a minority.

2) From the point of view of the more primitive direct democracy:

It is only suitable for small states and widowed city-states; Susceptible to selfish desires.

3) From the lottery election and the rotation of the banker:

Enabling people with different literacy to obtain the same power to administer the state can easily lead to the abuse and misuse of state power.

4) From the final practical results:

The rise and fall of democracy led to chaos and internal strife in Athens.

The basic characteristics of Athenian democracy: all citizens are rulers, participate in politics, and collectively hold the supreme power of the state; There is relative equality within the collective of citizens. The law reigns supreme.

Historical role: it values the individual freedom and sense of responsibility of citizens; It has created the national character of the Greeks who are thirsty for knowledge and willing to be the best; Its democratic atmosphere created a space that enabled ancient Greece to achieve brilliant achievements in many cultural fields; The theory and practice of Athenian democracy laid the initial foundation for the modern Western political system.

The Essence and Limitations of Athenian Democracy. The Athenian democracy upheld the dominance and interests of the slave owners and nobles, and its essence was based on slavery and was the democracy of a few. Athenian democracy was only a political system in which "adult male citizens were the masters of the house," and democracy was out of reach for women, foreigners, and slaves; it was different from modern democracy, and it suffocated and limited the ability of another part of society to develop themselves, and it had great limitations.

An Athenian citizen is a male of the country who has reached the age of majority. Gentiles, underage males and women were not citizens, that is, so-called commoners.

A citizen is an adult male with the right to vote; The concept of commoners is not mentioned, and it is believed that it refers to people other than citizens and slaves.

In ancient Athens, there were mainly slaves and native people. A citizen is an adult man whose parents are Athenians, who have a certain amount of property, and who is able to arm himself. Thus, slaves and women, as well as those Athenians who could not afford it, were not counted as citizens.

Commoners generally refer to the Athenians themselves who were not slaves but had a lower property caste.

Athens had about 300,000 inhabitants, half of whom were Gentiles and slaves. Adult male gentiles cannot be called citizens. "Adult male citizen" refers to an adult male whose parents are from the city-state, who own a certain amount of property, and who is able to serve in the armed army on his own.

Adult males who were native Athenians who did not have certain property and could not bring their own armed forces for military service were still not counted as citizens.

A citizen is an adult male of the Gang.

The historical value of the world-famous painting "The Academy of Athens":

The Academy of Athens is based on the ancient Greek philosopher Plato's Academy of Athens, based on the seven ancient free arts - grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, geometry, **, and astronomy, in recognition of mankind's pursuit of wisdom and truth. The artist attempts to recall the most advanced times in history, and express his yearning for a better future. Its main theme is the worship of the Greek spirit and the pursuit of the highest ideals of life, which is the long-cherished wish of the humanist artist himself.

The whole painting is set against the backdrop of a tall architectural arch in depth, and the hall brings together famous scholars from different eras, different regions and different schools, including thinkers of the past and celebrities of the present.

The historical value of the Chinese world famous painting "999999999 Hualong Harmony Picture":

9999999999 Hualong Harmony Map", it is said that this painting is painted with a total of 999999999 dragons, the painter took six years to complete the masterpiece, the inscription on the painting "I wish the Chinese nation eternal unity, may the people of the world be peaceful forever, everyone is harmonious, and the world is peaceful". With a total auction price of HK$1.9 billion since 2015, it is currently the most expensive and longest Chinese dragon painting.

Collector's comments: "This painting is a painting full of good wishes, and it has a representative significance beyond the times. ”

Experts highly commented: "This painting has far-reaching meaning, the title of the painting alone is very praiseworthy, nine nine fingers long, permanent, long-lasting, Hualong harmony refers to the unity and harmony of the Chinese people, this is a good painting to bless the whole Chinese, but also a good painting to bless the people of the world." The author wants to tell the world to be united, harmonious and peaceful through art, and his creative ideas are noble.

The famous French painter Michel praised it for pushing Chinese dot painting to an unparalleled height.

1. Four classes: nobles, commoners, foreigners, and slaves; Commoners are freemen.

The Athenian plebeians were freemen, and before Solon's reforms, the aristocracy exploited the plebeians. The "political axe" exploited slaves, but this part of the benefits was difficult for civilians to enjoy.

After the reform, commoners could also benefit from the "**" tax, the proceeds of the exploitation of slaves. It is tantamount to expanding the size of the ruling class.

2. Before the reform, Athens was also a state, but it can be said that it was only a country of the aristocracy, and after the reform, it became a common state for the nobles and commoners.

There is no question of who civilians exploit. The so-called aristocracy was the slave-owning aristocracy, and only they were entitled to own slaves. Commoners are free people, inhabitants who are free in life.

Is it strange that there are multiple classes in a country? Another: There is no problem of exploitation in pairs.

What book? Textbook? Textbooks are shit, don't read them.

It can only be said that Solon's reforms contributed to the formation of the Athenian democratic state system, and it can only be said that it was promoted. As for whether you are asking whether it is a country, then, in fact, even after the reform, it cannot be regarded as a country in the strict sense, but only a city-state regime.

I am studying history and have any more questions if I want to know.

Aristocrats, commoners, slaves, these were the three classes of society at that time. Commoners had citizenship rights and could legally own slaves. But the commoners were different from the aristocracy, and were exploited by the aristocracy.

Athens existed before Solon's reforms, which opened the way for the revitalization and prosperity of the city-state and laid the foundation for the democratic politics of the city-state.

The Athenian plebeians were freemen. freedom

Solon's reforms, which promoted the formation of the Athenian state, refer to his adoption of a hierarchy of property in his reforms, which began to break the monopoly of blood nobility on politics. The final catalyst for the formation of the Athenian state was the Cleisthenian reforms, in which he replaced the noble tribes with regional tribes. The criterion for the formation of a state here is whether it is divided by geography, not by blood.

The process of the formation of the Athenian state was from the clan commune to the rural commune to the state, so Athens before Solon's reform was still a clan tribal state.

1. Official positions at all levels (except for the Ten Generals) are open to the people by lottery;

2. The Council of 500 is governed by a popular jury, and the Council of Nobles loses all political rights;

3. Pay wages or subsidies to citizens who hold public office or city-state activities. (Previously, the aristocracy was ruled without salary, and it was difficult for commoners to hold public office without income).

The core of Athenian democracy is the direct participation of the broad masses of citizens, who, in principle, have the right to decide and administer state affairs, and to hold official positions at all levels through elections. This advanced ancient political system created a wide range of opportunities for citizens to participate in politics, stimulated citizens' freedom, pioneering spirit, and promoted the socio-economic and cultural development of Athens, which was historically progressive.

But Athenian democracy also had its historical limitations, it was a democracy within the citizens of the city-state, and only adult male citizens really enjoyed their rights, women, Gentiles, slaves were excluded.